Biofunctional coatings and drug-coated stents for restenosis therapy.

Palliative therapy utilizing interventional stents, such as vascular stents, biliary stents, esophageal stents, and other stents, has been a prevalent clinical strategy for treating duct narrowing and partial blockage. However, stent restenosis after implantation usually significantly compromises therapeutic efficacy and patient safety. Clinically, vascular stent restenosis is primarily attributed to endothelial hyperplasia and coagulation, while the risk of biliary stent occlusion is heightened by bacterial adhesion and bile sludge accumulation. Similarly, granulation tissue hyperplasia leads to tracheal stent restenosis. To address these issues, surface modifications of stents are extensively adopted as effective strategies to reduce the probability of restenosis and extend their functional lifespan. Applying coatings is one of the technical routes involving a complex selection of materials, drug loading capacities, release rates, and other factors. This paper provides an extensive overview of state of the art drug-coated stents, addressing both challenges and future prospects in this domain. We aim to contribute positively to the ongoing development and potential clinical applications of drug-coated stents in interventional therapy.