Cai Xiaodong, Liu Jiuzhou, Lin Chen, Cao Wenqiang, Zhang Leyou, Ding Shuangmei, Yang Ding, Liu Xiaoyan
Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Institute of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhhot, 010022, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Nov;281(Pt 3):136424. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136424. Epub 2024 Oct 9.
The yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria is a widely distributed species in high-altitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It plays important roles as a decomposer, predator, and pollinator in the ecosystem. As a staple model organism, S. stercoraria serves as a standard test species for assessing the toxicity of drug residues in livestock dung and has been the focus of numerous studies. The genetic mechanisms underlying the ecological adaptability of S. stercoraria remain poorly understood. To fill the gap, we first assembled a high-quality chromosome-level genome of S. stercoraria, resulting in a final assembly size of 549.64 Mb, with a contig N50 of 4.06 Mb, and 92.53 % of the sequence anchored to six chromosomes. Gene family analysis revealed an expansion of Toll (Toll1), GNBP3, Cyp303a1, Cyp4d14, Cyp6g1, OR67d, and yolk protein genes in the S. stercoraria genome. Transcriptome analysis indicated that most genes in the trypsin and carboxypeptidase gene families are predominantly expressed during the larval stage, whereas the α-Amylase gene family is mainly expressed during the adult stage. Additionally, PGRP-SC is highly expressed during the larval stage, OBPs are primarily expressed during the adult stage, and yolk protein genes exhibit female-biased expression. Our study not only provides a new resource for the dung flies genomic pool, but also identifies the expression patterns of key ecologically adaptative genes and gene families at the developmental stages, which provides new insights into the ecological adaptive evolution of dung flies.
黄粪蝇Scathophaga stercoraria是北半球高海拔地区广泛分布的物种。它在生态系统中作为分解者、捕食者和传粉者发挥着重要作用。作为主要的模式生物，黄粪蝇是评估家畜粪便中药物残留毒性的标准测试物种，并且一直是众多研究的焦点。黄粪蝇生态适应性的遗传机制仍知之甚少。为了填补这一空白，我们首先组装了高质量的黄粪蝇染色体水平基因组，最终组装大小为549.64 Mb，重叠群N50为4.06 Mb，92.53%的序列锚定到6条染色体上。基因家族分析显示，黄粪蝇基因组中的Toll（Toll1）、GNBP3、Cyp303a1、Cyp4d14、Cyp6g1、OR67d和卵黄蛋白基因发生了扩张。转录组分析表明，胰蛋白酶和羧肽酶基因家族中的大多数基因在幼虫阶段主要表达，而α-淀粉酶基因家族主要在成虫阶段表达。此外，PGRP-SC在幼虫阶段高表达，OBPs主要在成虫阶段表达，卵黄蛋白基因表现出雌性偏向表达。我们的研究不仅为粪蝇基因组库提供了新资源，还确定了关键生态适应性基因和基因家族在发育阶段的表达模式，这为粪蝇的生态适应性进化提供了新见解。
