Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India.
Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
Mamm Genome. 2024 Dec;35(4):577-599. doi: 10.1007/s00335-024-10075-y. Epub 2024 Oct 14.
Livestock plays an essential role in sustaining human livelihoods, offering a diverse range of species integral to food security, economic stability, and cultural traditions. The domestication of livestock, which began over 10,000 years ago, has driven significant genetic changes in species such as cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, and pigs. Recent advancements in genomic technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genomic selection, have dramatically enhanced our understanding of these genetic developments. This review brings together key research on the domestication process, phylogenetics, genetic diversity, and selection signatures within major livestock species. It emphasizes the importance of admixture studies and evolutionary forces like natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow in shaping livestock populations. Additionally, the integration of machine learning with genomic data offers new perspectives on the functional roles of genes in adaptation and evolution. By exploring these genomic advancements, this review provides insights into genetic variation and evolutionary processes that could inform future approaches to improving livestock management and adaptation to environmental challenges, including climate change.
家畜在维持人类生计方面发挥着至关重要的作用，提供了多种对食品安全、经济稳定和文化传统至关重要的物种。家畜的驯化始于 10000 多年前，导致了牛、水牛、绵羊、山羊和猪等物种的显著遗传变化。近年来，基因组技术的进步，包括下一代测序（NGS）、全基因组关联研究（GWAS）和基因组选择，极大地提高了我们对这些遗传发展的理解。本综述汇集了主要家畜物种驯化过程、系统发育、遗传多样性和选择特征的关键研究。它强调了混合研究以及自然选择、遗传漂变和基因流等进化力量在塑造家畜群体方面的重要性。此外，机器学习与基因组数据的结合为基因在适应和进化中的功能作用提供了新的视角。通过探索这些基因组进展，本综述提供了有关遗传变异和进化过程的见解，这些见解可以为未来改进家畜管理和适应环境挑战（包括气候变化）的方法提供信息。
