AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagic signaling is associated with TCDD-induced cleft palate.

In utero exposure to the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) can contribute to high rates of cleft palate (CP) formation, but the mechanistic basis for these effects remains uncertain. Here, multi-omics-based metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were employed to characterize the etiological basis for TCDD-induced CP on gestational day 14.5 (GD14.5). These analyses revealed that TCDD-induced CP formation is associated with calcium, MAPK, PI3K-Akt, and mTOR pathway signaling. PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling activity is closely linked with the maintenance of cellular proliferation and survival. Moreover, mTOR-mediated regulation of autophagic activity is essential for ensuring an appropriate balance between metabolic activity and growth. Murine embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cell proliferation was thus characterized, autophagic activity in these cells was evaluated through electron microscopy and western immunoblotting was used to compare the levels of autophagy- and AKT/mTOR-related protein between the control and TCDD groups on GD14.5. These analyses indicated that MEPM cell proliferative and autophagic activity was inhibited in response to TCDD exposure with the concomitant activation of AKT/mTOR signaling, in line with the multi-omics data. Together, these findings suggested that following TCDD exposure, the activation of AKT/mTOR-related autophagic signaling may play a role in the loss of appropriate palatal cell homeostasis, culminating in the incidence of CP.