What patients with kidney stones believe about their condition.

Patients' beliefs about their illness are of central importance in understanding how a person adjusts to their condition and adheres to self-management recommendations. No previous studies have set out to quantitatively examine Illness beliefs in patients with kidney stones (KS). 112 patients with radiological confirmation of KS (59% male, mean (x̄) age = 50.1 years [sd14.15 years], 50.5% previous surgical treatment) attending for clinical consultation completed the Brief-Illness Perception Questionnaire alongside a range of demographic and illness related variables. Template analysis was undertaken on the free text responses of patients' beliefs about what had caused their KS. Almost a third (31.2%) of patients did not know what had caused their KS. Of those who cited a cause, dietary factors, fluid intake, medical risk factors (e.g. Inflammatory bowel disease), genetics, and psychological factors were ranked as the most important. Patients generally believed they had a reasonable understanding of KS (x̄=6.32 [sd3.21]), but reported poor levels of personal control over their KS (x̄=2.90 [sd2.93]) and high confidence in the effectiveness of treatments (x̄=8.64 [sd1.90]). Patients with a recurrence believed KS had a significantly greater impact on their life (z=-2.56, p = 0.01) and had greater emotional consequences (z=-2.77, p < 0.01). Perceptions of poor personal control over KS and a strong belief in medical/surgical treatment was evident regardless of first or recurrent stone, gender, age, previous surgical management of KS or time since diagnosis. Results highlight the need to actively increase patients' perceptions of personal control in the management and prevention of KS.