Research Progress on Moisture-Sorption Actuators Materials.

Actuators based on moisture-sorption-responsive materials can convert moisture energy into mechanical/electrical energy, making the development of moisture-sorption materials a promising pathway for harnessing green energy to address the ongoing global energy crisis. The deformability of these materials plays a crucial role in the overall energy conversion performance, where moisture sorption capacity determines the energy density. Efforts to boost the moisture absorption capacity and rate have led to the development of a variety of moisture-responsive materials in recent years. These materials interact with water molecules in different manners and have shown diverse application scenarios. Here, in this review, we summarize the recent progress on moisture-sorption-responsive materials and their applications. We begin by categorizing moisture-sorption materials-biomaterials, polymers, nanomaterials, and crystalline materials-according to their interaction modes with water. We then review the correlation between moisture-sorption and energy harvesting performance. Afterwards, we provide examples of the typical applications using these moisture-sorption materials. Finally, we explore future research directions aimed at developing next-generation high-performance moisture-sorption materials with higher water uptake, tunable water affinity, and faster water absorption.