Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 157/F, Nilgunj Rd, Sahid Colony, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal 700114, India.
Department of Pharmacology, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol, West Bengal 713301, India.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2024 Dec 25;143(Pt 1):113325. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113325. Epub 2024 Oct 14.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a global health concern, necessitating further research into its complex biology and innovative treatment approaches. The etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer are summarized in this thorough review along with recent developments. The multifactorial nature of colorectal cancer is examined, including genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle decisions. The focus is on deciphering the complex interactions between signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, TGF-β as well as PI3K/AKT that participate in the onset, growth, and metastasis of CRC. There is a discussion of various diagnostic modalities that span from traditional colonoscopy to sophisticated molecular techniques like liquid biopsy and radiomics, emphasizing their functions in early identification, prognostication, and treatment stratification. The potential of artificial intelligence as well as machine learning algorithms in improving accuracy as well as efficiency in colorectal cancer diagnosis and management is also explored. Regarding therapy, the review provides a thorough overview of well-known treatments like radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery as well as delves into the newly-emerging areas of targeted therapies as well as immunotherapies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors as well as other molecularly targeted treatments, such as anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) as well as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) monoclonal antibodies, show promise in improving the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients, in particular, those suffering from metastatic disease. This review focuses on giving readers a thorough understanding of colorectal cancer by considering its complexities, the present status of treatment, and potential future paths for therapeutic interventions. Through unraveling the intricate web of this disease, we can develop a more tailored and effective approach to treating CRC.
结直肠癌（CRC）仍然是全球关注的健康问题，需要进一步研究其复杂的生物学和创新的治疗方法。本文全面综述了结直肠癌的病因、发病机制、诊断和治疗，以及最新的研究进展。探讨了结直肠癌的多因素性质，包括遗传易感性、环境因素和生活方式决策。重点是破译参与 CRC 发生、生长和转移的信号通路（如 Wnt/β-catenin、MAPK、TGF-β 以及 PI3K/AKT）之间的复杂相互作用。讨论了各种诊断方法，从传统的结肠镜检查到液体活检和放射组学等复杂的分子技术，强调了它们在早期识别、预后和治疗分层中的作用。还探讨了人工智能和机器学习算法在提高结直肠癌诊断和管理准确性和效率方面的潜力。在治疗方面，本文全面概述了放疗、化疗和手术等知名治疗方法，并深入探讨了新兴的靶向治疗和免疫治疗领域。免疫检查点抑制剂和其他分子靶向治疗，如抗表皮生长因子受体（抗 EGFR）和抗血管内皮生长因子（抗 VEGF）单克隆抗体，有望改善结直肠癌患者的预后，特别是转移性疾病患者的预后。本文通过考虑结直肠癌的复杂性、治疗现状和潜在的治疗干预未来路径，旨在为读者提供对结直肠癌的全面理解。通过揭示这种疾病的复杂网络，我们可以开发出更有针对性和更有效的 CRC 治疗方法。
