Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100193, China.
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Sep 26;25(19):10387. doi: 10.3390/ijms251910387.
Canine malignant melanoma (CMM) is highly aggressive and mostly located in the oral cavity. CMM is the predominant type of canine oral malignancy and shows striking homologies with human mucosal melanoma. In comparative oncology, canine oral melanomas (COMs), as spontaneous tumor models, have the potential to acquire a unique value as a translational model of rare human melanoma subtypes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of targeted therapies for canine malignant melanoma and to enrich the field of comparative oncology. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature search was conducted across databases for studies from 1976 to April 2024. Studies were selected based on their relevance to targeted treatments. A total of 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Based on the treatment approaches, the studies were further categorized into immunotherapies, small molecule signaling inhibitors, indirect kinase inhibitors, and other alternative strategies. Some treatments have been shown to result in stable disease or partial response, accounting for 29% (monoclonal antibody) and 76.5% (micro-RNA therapies) in clinical trials. Moreover, in vitro experiments of small molecule inhibitors, including cell signaling inhibitors and indirect kinase inhibitors, have shown the potential to be an effective treatment option for the development of therapeutic strategies in canine malignant melanoma. The observed response in in vitro experiments of CMM (particularly the oral and certain cutaneous subtypes) to drugs used in the treatment of human melanoma underlines the resemblance to human melanoma, therefore supporting the notion that CMM may be a valuable model for understanding rare human melanoma subtypes and exploring potential therapeutic avenues in preclinical trials. Finally, this literature review serves as a valuable resource for the development of therapeutic strategies for CMM and highlights the potential for translating these findings to human cancer treatment.
犬恶性黑色素瘤（CMM）具有高度侵袭性，主要发生于口腔。CMM 是犬口腔恶性肿瘤的主要类型，与人的黏膜黑色素瘤具有显著的同源性。在比较肿瘤学中，犬口腔黑色素瘤（COMs）作为自发性肿瘤模型，有可能作为罕见人类黑色素瘤亚型的转化模型获得独特的价值。本综述旨在全面总结犬恶性黑色素瘤的靶向治疗方法，并丰富比较肿瘤学领域。根据 PRISMA 指南，我们对 1976 年至 2024 年 4 月期间的数据库进行了全面的文献检索，以筛选出与靶向治疗相关的研究。根据治疗方法，这些研究进一步分为免疫疗法、小分子信号抑制剂、间接激酶抑制剂和其他替代策略。一些治疗方法已被证明可导致疾病稳定或部分缓解，临床试验中的比例分别为 29%（单克隆抗体）和 76.5%（miRNA 治疗）。此外，小分子抑制剂的体外实验，包括细胞信号抑制剂和间接激酶抑制剂，显示出有可能成为犬恶性黑色素瘤治疗策略开发的有效治疗选择。在体外实验中观察到 CMM（特别是口腔和某些皮肤亚型）对人类黑色素瘤治疗药物的反应与人类黑色素瘤相似，因此支持 CMM 可能是理解罕见人类黑色素瘤亚型和探索临床前试验中潜在治疗途径的有价值模型的观点。最后，本文献综述为 CMM 的治疗策略的发展提供了有价值的资源，并强调了将这些发现转化为人类癌症治疗的潜力。
