Islam Zain Ul, Bermak Amine, Wang Bo
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Sep 30;24(19):6355. doi: 10.3390/s24196355.
This paper briefly overviews and discusses the existing techniques using antennas for passive sensing, starting from the antenna operating principle and antenna structural design to different antenna-based sensing mechanisms. The effects of different electrical properties of the material used to design an antenna, such as conductivity, loss tangent, and resistivity, are discussed to illustrate the fundamental sensing mechanisms. Furthermore, the key parameters, such as operating frequency and antenna impedance, along with the factors affecting the sensing performance, are discussed. Overall, passive sensing using an antenna is mainly achieved by altering the reflected wave characteristics in terms of center frequency, return loss, phase, and received/reflected signal strength. The advantages and drawbacks of each technique are also discussed briefly. Given the increasing relevance, millimeter-wave antenna sensors and resonator sensors are also discussed with their applications and recent advancements. This paper primarily focuses on microstrip-based radiating structures and insights for further sensing performance improvement using passive antennas, which are outlined in this study. In addition, suggestions are made for the current scientific and technical challenges, and future directions are discussed.
本文从天线工作原理、天线结构设计到不同的基于天线的传感机制，简要概述并讨论了现有的利用天线进行被动传感的技术。讨论了用于设计天线的材料的不同电学特性（如电导率、损耗角正切和电阻率）的影响，以说明基本的传感机制。此外，还讨论了诸如工作频率和天线阻抗等关键参数以及影响传感性能的因素。总体而言，利用天线进行被动传感主要是通过改变反射波在中心频率、回波损耗、相位以及接收/反射信号强度方面的特性来实现的。还简要讨论了每种技术的优缺点。鉴于毫米波天线传感器和谐振器传感器的相关性日益增加，也对它们的应用和最新进展进行了讨论。本文主要关注基于微带的辐射结构以及使用无源天线进一步提高传感性能的见解，这些见解在本研究中进行了概述。此外，针对当前的科学技术挑战提出了建议，并讨论了未来的发展方向。
