de Almeida Rafael Felipe, Alves Maria, van den Berg Cássio, Pellegrini Marco O O, Gostel Morgan R, Roque Nádia
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, UK.
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil.
Plants (Basel). 2024 Oct 8;13(19):2817. doi: 10.3390/plants13192817.
We present a molecular phylogeny for the subtribe Ecliptinae (Asteraceae, Heliantheae) based on three plastid (, , and ) and two nuclear (nrITS and nrETS) markers. The results of the phylogenetic reconstruction were utilised as a topological constraint for a subsequent divergence dating analysis and ancestral range reconstructions. We sampled 41 species and 40 genera (72%) of Ecliptinae and two species of (as outgroups) to elucidate the generic relationships between the genera of this subtribe. The Bayesian inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were performed for the combined molecular dataset. The divergence dating analysis was performed using a relaxed, uncorrelated molecular clock with BEAST v1.8.4 and calibrated using a single secondary calibration point from a recently published chronogram for the family. The ancestral range reconstructions focusing on continents (i.e., South America, North America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania) and biomes (Dry forests, Altitudinal grasslands, Savannas, and Rainforests) were performed on BioGeoBEARS. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the genera of Ecliptinae are grouped into five clades, informally named the , , , , and clades. The most recent, common ancestor of Ecliptinae was widespread in the North and South American dry forests at 8.16 Ma and mainly radiated in these regions up to the Pleistocene. At least eight dispersal events to South America and four dispersal events from North America to Africa, Asia, and Oceania took place during this period in all five informal clades of Ecliptinae. At least 13 biome shifts from dry forests to rainforests were evidenced, in addition to ten biome shifts from dry forests to altitudinal grasslands and savannas. These results corroborate the mid-late Miocene to early Pleistocene radiation of Ecliptinae in tropical dry forests. Future studies should aim to sample the remaining 14 unsampled genera of Ecliptinae to position them in one of the five informal clades proposed in this study.
我们基于三个叶绿体（、和）和两个核（nrITS和nrETS）标记，给出了鳢肠亚族（菊科，向日葵族）的分子系统发育。系统发育重建的结果被用作后续分歧时间分析和祖先分布区重建的拓扑约束。我们对鳢肠亚族的41个物种和40个属（72%）以及两个属的物种（作为外类群）进行了采样，以阐明该亚族各属之间的类属关系。对合并的分子数据集进行了贝叶斯推断（BI）和最大似然（ML）分析。使用BEAST v1.8.4的宽松、不相关分子钟进行分歧时间分析，并根据该科最近发表的系统发育图中的单个二级校准点进行校准。在BioGeoBEARS上进行了聚焦于各大洲（即南美洲、北美洲、非洲、亚洲和大洋洲）和生物群落（干燥森林、山地草原、稀树草原和雨林）的祖先分布区重建。我们的系统发育结果表明，鳢肠亚族的属被分为五个分支，非正式地命名为、、、和分支。鳢肠亚族最近的共同祖先在816万年前广泛分布于北美洲和南美洲的干燥森林中，并且在更新世之前主要在这些地区辐射演化。在此期间，在鳢肠亚族的所有五个非正式分支中，至少发生了八次向南美洲的扩散事件以及四次从北美洲向非洲、亚洲和大洋洲的扩散事件。除了十次从干燥森林到山地草原和稀树草原的生物群落转变外，至少还有十三次从干燥森林到雨林的生物群落转变得到了证实。这些结果证实了鳢肠亚族在热带干燥森林中从中新世晚期到更新世早期的辐射演化。未来的研究应旨在对鳢肠亚族其余14个未采样的属进行采样，以将它们置于本研究提出的五个非正式分支之一中。
