Deng Wen, Yang Qian-Ni, Wu Ding-Tao, Li Jie, Liu Hong-Yan, Hu Yi-Chen, Zou Liang, Gan Ren-You, Yan Hui-Ling, Huang Jing-Wei
Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
Foods. 2024 Sep 26;13(19):3072. doi: 10.3390/foods13193072.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is regarded as one of the main global health problems. Accumulated evidence indicates that fruit-derived polyphenols can lower the risk of ALD, this attributed to their strong antioxidant capacities. Thinned immature kiwifruits (TIK) are the major agro-byproducts in the production of kiwifruits, which have abundantly valuable polyphenols. However, knowledge about the protective effects of polyphenol-enriched extract from TIK against ALD is still lacking, which ultimately restricts their application as value-added functional products. To promote their potential applications, phenolic compounds from TIK and their corresponding mature fruits were compared, and their protective effects against ALD were studied in the present study. The findings revealed that TIK possessed extremely high levels of total phenolics (116.39 ± 1.51 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoids (33.88 ± 0.59 mg RE/g DW), which were about 7.4 times and 4.8 times greater than those of their corresponding mature fruits, respectively. Furthermore, the level of major phenolic components in TIK was measured to be 29,558.19 ± 1170.58 μg/g DW, which was about 5.4 times greater than that of mature fruits. In particular, neochlorogenic acid, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2 were found as the predominant polyphenols in TIK. In addition, TIK exerted stronger in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects than those of mature fruits, which was probably because of their higher levels of polyphenols. Most importantly, compared with mature fruits, TIK exhibited superior hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced liver damage in mice. The administration of polyphenol-enriched extract from TIK (YK) could increase the body weight of mice, reduce the serum levels of ALP, AST, and ALT, lower the levels of hepatic TG and TC, and diminish lipid droplet accumulation and hepatic tissue damage. In addition, the treatment of YK could also significantly restore the levels of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., SOD and CAT) in the liver and lower the levels of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), indicating that YK could effectively ameliorate ALD in mice by reducing hepatic oxidative stress and hepatic inflammation. Collectively, our findings can provide sufficient evidence for the development of TIK and their extracts as high value-added functional products for the intervention of ALD.
酒精性肝病（ALD）被视为全球主要的健康问题之一。越来越多的证据表明，水果中的多酚类物质可以降低患ALD的风险，这归因于它们强大的抗氧化能力。未成熟的薄皮猕猴桃（TIK）是猕猴桃生产中的主要农业副产品，富含宝贵的多酚类物质。然而，关于TIK中富含多酚的提取物对ALD的保护作用的知识仍然缺乏，这最终限制了它们作为增值功能产品的应用。为了促进它们的潜在应用，本研究比较了TIK及其相应成熟果实中的酚类化合物，并研究了它们对ALD的保护作用。研究结果表明，TIK的总酚含量（116.39±1.51毫克没食子酸当量/克干重）和总黄酮含量（33.88±0.59毫克芦丁当量/克干重）极高，分别约为其相应成熟果实的7.4倍和4.8倍。此外，TIK中主要酚类成分的含量测定为29558.19±1170.58微克/克干重，约为成熟果实的5.4倍。特别是，新绿原酸、表儿茶素、原花青素B1和原花青素B2被发现是TIK中的主要多酚类物质。此外，TIK在体外表现出比成熟果实更强的抗氧化和抗炎作用，这可能是因为它们含有更高水平的多酚类物质。最重要的是，与成熟果实相比，TIK对小鼠酒精性肝损伤表现出更好的肝脏保护作用。给予TIK中富含多酚的提取物（YK）可以增加小鼠体重，降低血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）和丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）水平，降低肝脏甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）水平，减少脂滴积累和肝组织损伤。此外，YK处理还可以显著恢复肝脏中抗氧化酶（如超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT））的水平，降低肝脏促炎细胞因子（如白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α））的水平，表明YK可以通过减轻肝脏氧化应激和肝脏炎症有效改善小鼠的ALD。总的来说，我们的研究结果可以为开发TIK及其提取物作为用于干预ALD的高附加值功能产品提供充分的证据。
