The invisible wounds of women: Ethical aspects of obstetric violence.

The quality of care in maternity facilities significantly influences women's autonomy and their right to make decisions about their bodies. Obstetric violence, a form of gender-based violence during childbirth, poses serious threats to women's rights and health worldwide. The research aimed to examine women's experiences and perceptions of obstetric violence using the micro-level constructivist grounded theory strategies of Mena-Tudela et al. (2023). This study used a phenomenological qualitative research design. Data were collected from 17 eligible women using a Participant Information Form and a Semi-Structured Interview Form, applying maximum variation sampling to ensure a wide range of sociodemographic characteristics and diverse views and experiences. The data were analyzed using the seven-step phenomenological analysis method. A total of 17 women who had vaginal labor at least 6 months ago were interviewed. The study was approved by the University Ethics Board for Non-Interventional Clinical Studies. Ethical considerations were closely aligned with the principles of respecting women's rights, ensuring that participants' autonomy and consent were central throughout the research process. Five themes and 13 subthemes were extracted from the data analysis, including "Ignoring women in care," "The commodification of women," "Are the healthcare professionals the only authority?", "Ineffective childbirth management and its effects on women's health-seeking behavior," and "Types of obstetric violence." This study underscores the urgent need to address obstetric violence, recognizing its detrimental impact on women's rights, and well-being during childbirth. Protecting women's rights by prioritizing individual-centered care, informed consent, and respectful treatment is essential to uphold ethical standards and ensure dignified childbirth experiences for all women.