Toomey Traci L, Lenk Kathleen M, Schriemer Daniel, MacLehose Richard, Scholz Natalie, Gloppen Kari, Bosma Linda M, Delehanty Eileen, Nelson Toben F
Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Subst Use Misuse. 2025;60(1):130-136. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2419120. Epub 2024 Oct 25.
Place of last drink (POLD) is a law enforcement strategy designed to decrease the service of alcohol to intoxicated patrons (i.e., overservice). When officers respond to an alcohol-related incident, they inquire about and record the place where the involved individuals last drank alcohol; this information can help identify licensed alcohol establishments that show a pattern of overserving alcohol. We evaluated the effects of a POLD initiative on various types of crime.
The POLD initiative was conducted in the state of Minnesota (USA). We compared 26 intervention jurisdictions to 26 matched comparisons. Outcomes were six crime measures (e.g., driving under the influence, violent, nonviolent). Predictors were levels of participation and implementation of POLD. We fit a separate Poisson regression model for each crime outcome and each predictor.
In all models, we found little difference in crime rates between intervention and comparison jurisdictions. No effect on crime was observed for either participation or implementation levels of POLD. However, we found implementation levels were relatively low across jurisdictions.
This study adds to a very limited literature addressing the effects of POLD on public health harms such as crime. The particular POLD initiative did not appear to affect crime rates. We found POLD implementation levels showed considerable room for improvement and could help to explain some of the lack of effects of POLD on crime. More research is needed in additional localities and to assess whether specific aspects of implementation could help to strengthen POLD efforts.
最后饮酒地点（POLD）是一项执法策略，旨在减少向醉酒顾客提供酒精饮料（即过度服务）。当警察对与酒精相关的事件做出反应时，他们会询问并记录涉案人员最后饮酒的地点；这些信息有助于识别存在过度提供酒精饮料模式的有执照的酒精饮料经营场所。我们评估了一项POLD倡议对各类犯罪的影响。
POLD倡议在美国明尼苏达州开展。我们将26个干预辖区与26个匹配的对照辖区进行了比较。结果指标为六项犯罪指标（如酒后驾车、暴力犯罪、非暴力犯罪）。预测因素为POLD的参与程度和实施程度。我们为每个犯罪结果和每个预测因素拟合了一个单独的泊松回归模型。
在所有模型中，我们发现干预辖区和对照辖区的犯罪率几乎没有差异。未观察到POLD的参与程度或实施程度对犯罪有影响。然而，我们发现各辖区的实施程度相对较低。
本研究补充了关于POLD对犯罪等公共卫生危害影响的非常有限的文献。特定的POLD倡议似乎并未影响犯罪率。我们发现POLD的实施程度有很大的改进空间，这有助于解释POLD对犯罪缺乏影响的部分原因。还需要在更多地区开展研究，并评估实施的具体方面是否有助于加强POLD的工作力度。
