Homolka Peter, Breyer Lara, Semturs Friedrich
Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical Imaging Cluster (MIC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
Biomimetics (Basel). 2024 Oct 8;9(10):606. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics9100606.
(1) Background: 3D printable materials with accurately defined iodine content enable the development and production of radiological phantoms that simulate human tissues, including lesions after contrast administration in medical imaging with X-rays. These phantoms provide accurate, stable and reproducible models with defined iodine concentrations, and 3D printing allows maximum flexibility and minimal development and production time, allowing the simulation of anatomically correct anthropomorphic replication of lesions and the production of calibration and QA standards in a typical medical research facility. (2) Methods: Standard printing resins were doped with an iodine contrast agent and printed using a consumer 3D printer, both (resins and printer) available from major online marketplaces, to produce printed specimens with iodine contents ranging from 0 to 3.0% by weight, equivalent to 0 to 3.85% elemental iodine per volume, covering the typical levels found in patients. The printed samples were scanned in a micro-CT scanner to measure the properties of the materials in the range of the iodine concentrations used. (3) Results: Both mass density and attenuation show a linear dependence on iodine concentration (R = 1.00), allowing highly accurate, stable, and predictable results. (4) Conclusions: Standard 3D printing resins can be doped with liquids, avoiding the problem of sedimentation, resulting in perfectly homogeneous prints with accurate dopant content. Iodine contrast agents are perfectly suited to dope resins with appropriate iodine concentrations to radiologically mimic tissues after iodine uptake. In combination with computer-aided design, this can be used to produce printed objects with precisely defined iodine concentrations in the range of up to a few percent of elemental iodine, with high precision and anthropomorphic shapes. Applications include radiographic phantoms for detectability studies and calibration standards in projective X-ray imaging modalities, such as contrast-enhanced dual energy mammography (abbreviated CEDEM, CEDM, TICEM, or CESM depending on the equipment manufacturer), and 3-dimensional modalities like CT, including spectral and dual energy CT (DECT), and breast tomosynthesis.
(1) 背景：具有精确确定碘含量的3D可打印材料能够开发和生产模拟人体组织的放射学体模，包括在X射线医学成像中注射造影剂后的病变。这些体模提供了具有确定碘浓度的准确、稳定和可重复的模型，并且3D打印具有最大的灵活性，开发和生产时间最短，能够在典型的医学研究机构中模拟病变的解剖学正确的拟人复制，并生产校准和质量保证标准。(2) 方法：将标准打印树脂用碘造影剂掺杂，并使用可从主要在线市场获得的消费级3D打印机进行打印，以生产碘含量按重量计从0到3.0%、相当于每体积0到3.85%元素碘的打印标本，涵盖患者中发现的典型水平。将打印样品在微型CT扫描仪中进行扫描，以测量所用碘浓度范围内材料的特性。(3) 结果：质量密度和衰减均显示出与碘浓度呈线性依赖关系（R = 1.00），从而产生高度准确、稳定和可预测的结果。(4) 结论：标准3D打印树脂可以用液体掺杂，避免沉淀问题，从而得到具有精确掺杂剂含量的完全均匀的打印件。碘造影剂非常适合以适当的碘浓度掺杂树脂，以在摄取碘后放射学模拟组织。与计算机辅助设计相结合，这可用于生产元素碘含量高达百分之几范围内具有精确确定碘浓度、高精度和拟人形状的打印物体。应用包括用于可检测性研究的射线照相体模以及投影X射线成像模态中的校准标准，如对比增强双能乳腺摄影（根据设备制造商的不同缩写为CEDEM、CEDM、TICEM或CESM），以及三维模态如CT，包括光谱CT和双能CT（DECT），还有乳腺断层合成。
