Paffenbarger R S, Hyde R T, Wing A L, Hsieh C C
N Engl J Med. 1986 Mar 6;314(10):605-13. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198603063141003.
We examined the physical activity and other life-style characteristics of 16,936 Harvard alumni, aged 35 to 74, for relations to rates of mortality from all causes and for influences on length of life. A total of 1413 alumni died during 12 to 16 years of follow-up (1962 to 1978). Exercise reported as walking, stair climbing, and sports play related inversely to total mortality, primarily to death due to cardiovascular or respiratory causes. Death rates declined steadily as energy expended on such activity increased from less than 500 to 3500 kcal per week, beyond which rates increased slightly. Rates were one quarter to one third lower among alumni expending 2000 or more kcal during exercise per week than among less active men. With or without consideration of hypertension, cigarette smoking, extremes or gains in body weight, or early parental death, alumni mortality rates were significantly lower among the physically active. Relative risks of death for individuals were highest among cigarette smokers and men with hypertension, and attributable risks in the community were highest among smokers and sedentary men. By the age of 80, the amount of additional life attributable to adequate exercise, as compared with sedentariness, was one to more than two years.
我们调查了16936名年龄在35至74岁之间的哈佛校友的身体活动及其他生活方式特征，以研究其与各种原因导致的死亡率之间的关系以及对寿命的影响。在12至16年的随访期（1962年至1978年）内，共有1413名校友死亡。报告显示，步行、爬楼梯和进行体育运动等锻炼与总死亡率呈负相关，主要与心血管或呼吸系统疾病导致的死亡相关。随着此类活动每周消耗的能量从不足500千卡增加到3500千卡，死亡率稳步下降，超过该水平后死亡率略有上升。每周锻炼消耗2000千卡或更多能量的校友的死亡率比活动较少的男性低四分之一到三分之一。无论是否考虑高血压、吸烟、体重极端变化或增加，以及父母早亡等因素，身体活跃的校友死亡率显著较低。吸烟者和患有高血压的男性个体的相对死亡风险最高，而社区中可归因于吸烟和久坐男性的风险最高。到80岁时，与久坐相比，适度锻炼可额外延长的寿命为1至2年多。
