Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima City 890-8544, Japan.
Amanogawa Galactic Astronomy Research Center (AGARC), Kagoshima University Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
Biomolecules. 2024 Oct 17;14(10):1317. doi: 10.3390/biom14101317.
The universe began 13.8 billion years ago, and Earth was born 4.6 billion years ago. Early traces of life were found as soon as 4.1 billion years ago; then, ~200,000 years ago, the human being was born. The evolution of life on earth was to become individual rather than cellular life. The birth of mitochondria made this possible to be the individual life. Since then, individuals have had a limited time of life. It was 1.4 billion years ago that a bacterial cell began living inside an archaeal host cell, a form of endosymbiosis that is the development of eukaryotic cells, which contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments. The bacterium started to provide its host cell with additional energy, and the interaction eventually resulted in a eukaryotic cell, with both archaeal (the host cell) and bacterial (mitochondrial) origins still having genomes. The cells survived high concentrations of oxygen producing more energy inside the cell. Further, the roles of mitochondria in human being's life and aging will be discussed.
宇宙诞生于 138 亿年前，地球诞生于 46 亿年前。早在 41 亿年前就发现了生命的早期踪迹；然后，大约 20 万年前，人类诞生了。地球上生命的进化是从细胞生命向个体生命转变。线粒体的诞生使这种个体生命成为可能。从那时起，个体的生命就有了时间限制。14 亿年前，一个细菌细胞开始生活在古细菌宿主细胞内，这种内共生形式是真核细胞的发展，真核细胞包含一个核和其他膜结合的隔室。细菌开始为其宿主细胞提供额外的能量，这种相互作用最终导致了真核细胞的形成，其中既有古细菌（宿主细胞）又有细菌（线粒体）的起源，仍然拥有基因组。细胞在细胞内产生更多能量，从而在高浓度氧气中存活下来。此外，还将讨论线粒体在人类生命和衰老中的作用。
