Sub-Optimal Compliance to Long-Term Inhalation Strategies and Poorer Health Care Outcomes Associated with Extended Tattoos in Adolescents with Mild-to-Moderate Bronchial Asthma.

BACKGROUND

Patients' compliance to inhalation therapy is usually sub-optimal in young asthmatics. Adolescents poorly compliant to regular anti-asthma treatments and those with tattoos (and the associated attitude) can share some personality traits and maladaptive behaviors. This relationship has not been investigated.

OBJECTIVE

To assess if "extended" tattoos can predict long-term compliance to regular therapy of adolescents with mild-to-moderate asthma.

METHODS

A 12-month retrospective observational investigation was conducted on non-smoker asthmatic adolescents of both genders. Patients assuming <70% of prescribed vilanterol/fluticasone furoate o.d. were defined as "non-compliant". Tattoo surfaces were defined as "mild" or "extended" if they were < or ≥400 cm, respectively. The relationship between tattoos and compliance on the evolution of resources consumption at 6 and 12 months was assessed by generalized estimating equation (GEE) models at the first and second semester of the treatment period.

RESULTS

It was found that 13.2% of compliant adolescents had mild tattoos, while 47.2% of non-compliant adolescents had mild-to-extended tattoos (odds ratio (OR) 6.91, 95% CI 2.49 to 19.17, < 0.001). The mean annual adherence to treatment was 57.8% ± 10.1 SD expected doses in non-compliant subjects with "mild tattoos" (54.8 cm ± 36.9 SD), but 38.6% ± 11.4 SD expected doses in those with "extended tattoos" (568.4 cm ± 111.6 SD, < 0.001). Total cost proved to be a linear trend from the lowest values of compliant patients with no/mild tattoos (EUR 65.22 at 6 months and EUR 33.63 at 12 months) to the highest values of non-compliant adolescents with extended tattoos (EUR 330.75 at 6 months and EUR 297.34 at 12 months).

CONCLUSIONS

Tattoo extension might be used as a reliable predictor of poor compliance and higher health care costs in adolescents with mild-to-moderate asthma. Patients characterized by poor compliance to a long-term therapeutic strategy and tattooing attitude likely share some aspects of their personality profile.