Multifaceted Impact of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure Patients: Exploring Diverse Mechanisms of Action.

Heart failure (HF) is a growing concern due to the aging population and increasing prevalence of comorbidities. Despite advances in treatment, HF remains a significant burden, necessitating novel therapeutic approaches. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have emerged as a promising treatment option, demonstrating benefits across the entire spectrum of HF, regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This review explores the multifaceted mechanisms through which SGLT2is exert cardioprotective effects, including modulation of energy metabolism, reduction of oxidative stress, attenuation of inflammation, and promotion of autophagy. SGLT2is shift myocardial energy substrate utilization from carbohydrates to more efficient fatty acids and ketone bodies, enhancing mitochondrial function and reducing insulin resistance. These inhibitors also mitigate oxidative stress by improving mitochondrial biogenesis, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and regulating calcium-signaling pathways. Inflammation, a key driver of HF progression, is alleviated through the suppression of proinflammatory cytokines and modulation of immune cell activity. Additionally, SGLT2is promote autophagy, facilitating the clearance of damaged cellular components and preserving myocardial structure and function Beyond their glucose-lowering effects, SGLT2is provide significant benefits in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and HF, reducing the progression of CKD and improving overall survival. The pleiotropic actions of SGLT2is highlight their potential as a cornerstone in HF management. Further research is needed to fully elucidate their mechanisms and optimize their use in clinical practice.