COVID-19 vaccination is a critical public health measure to control the pandemic, but disparities in vaccination uptake remain a concern. This study investigates the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination among Korean adults using the Andersen model. Data from 231,784 participants in the community health survey were analyzed using chi-square testing and logistic regression. The risk of non-vaccination was higher among those aged 19-64 (95% CI: 1.52-1.74), males (95% CI: 1.11-1.24), the unemployed (95% CI: 2.21-2.47), unmarried individuals (95% CI: 1.12-1.24), those with unmet healthcare needs (95% CI: 1.41-1.67), recipients of national basic livelihood guarantees (95% CI: 1.45-1.73), those with lower subjective health (95% CI: 1.20-1.30), individuals with depression (95% CI: 1.28-1.44), current smokers (95% CI: 1.13-1.30), and those skipping breakfast (95% CI: 1.04-1.16). Conversely, the risk was lower for those with less than a high school education (95% CI: 0.72-0.81), individuals with psychological concerns about infection (0.87, 95% CI: 0.82-0.92) or public criticism (0.91, 95% CI: 0.86-0.97), individuals with chronic diseases (95% CI: 0.64-0.72), and current alcohol consumers (95% CI: 0.52-0.58). These findings underscore the need for targeted intervention strategies and support systems to promote vaccination in vulnerable populations. Further research should explore the long-term impact of these interventions on vaccination uptake.