Richter E D, Berant M, Grauer F, Tamir A, Berkowitz A, Oppenheim D
Sci Total Environ. 1986 Jan;48(1-2):109-21. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(86)90157-9.
Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) levels of greater than or equal to 40 micrograms dl-1 were found in blood samples of 32 (12.1%) out of 264 children living in Kiryat Yam, Haifa Bay (a sea-level neighborhood with much vehicular traffic, located 4.5 km from an industrial zone in the bay area), 22 (8.8%) out of 251 children living in Neve Shaanan (located on a mountainside, 3.5 km from an industrial zone and exposed to visible smoke pollution), and 14 (6.5%) out of 214 children from Mt Carmel (Ahuza), which is furthest from industry and where visible signs of pollution are seldom seen. Zinc protoporphyrin levels, low in non-anemic infants, were slightly higher in 1st graders from all three neighborhoods; higher levels were found in both 3rd and 6th graders from Kiryat Yam, but only in 6th graders from Neve Shaanan. The ZPP levels remained unchanged in older, Mt. Carmel children. Zinc protoporphyrin concentrations of greater than or equal to 40 micrograms dl-1 varied inversely with two indices of socio-economic status (parental ethnic origin and father's educational level). Blood lead levels of greater than or equal to 20 micrograms dl of blood were found in eight (13%) out of 62 children with ZPP levels greater than or equal to 40 micrograms dl-1, but in none (0%) of 14 children with ZPP levels greater than or equal to 40 micrograms dl-1. Three (60%) out of five children with ZPP levels greater than or equal to 50 micrograms dl-1 had Pb levels of greater than or equal to 20 micrograms dl-1. In Kiryat Yam, Pb(B) was higher in 31 children with ZPP greater than or equal to 40 micrograms dl-1 compared with 13 with ZPP less than 40 micrograms dl-1. The data on age-associated increases in ZPP in children suggest the possibility of an effect on red blood cell porphyrin metabolism, in some cases from cumulative low level lead exposures, and in others from iron deficiency, especially in poorer socio-economic groups. The findings call for further studies, both in the populations studied here, and elsewhere, to determine the role of lead toxicity and iron deficiency in children of all age groups, and the need for preventive action.
在海法湾基里亚特亚姆生活的264名儿童（一个海平面社区，车辆交通繁忙，距离湾区的一个工业区4.5公里）中，32名（12.1%）儿童的血样中锌原卟啉（ZPP）水平大于或等于40微克/分升；在内夫沙南生活的251名儿童（位于山腰，距离一个工业区3.5公里，受到可见烟雾污染）中，22名（8.8%）儿童的血样中ZPP水平大于或等于40微克/分升；在卡梅尔山（阿胡扎）的214名儿童中，14名（6.5%）儿童的血样中ZPP水平大于或等于40微克/分升，卡梅尔山距离工业区最远，很少见到污染的明显迹象。非贫血婴儿的锌原卟啉水平较低，来自所有三个社区的一年级学生的锌原卟啉水平略高；基里亚特亚姆的三年级和六年级学生中锌原卟啉水平较高，但内夫沙南只有六年级学生的锌原卟啉水平较高。卡梅尔山年龄较大的儿童的ZPP水平保持不变。锌原卟啉浓度大于或等于40微克/分升与两个社会经济地位指标（父母的种族出身和父亲的教育水平）呈负相关。在62名ZPP水平大于或等于40微克/分升的儿童中，有8名（13%）儿童的血铅水平大于或等于每分升血液20微克，但在14名ZPP水平大于或等于40微克/分升的儿童中，无一例（0%）血铅水平大于或等于每分升血液20微克。在5名ZPP水平大于或等于50微克/分升的儿童中，有3名（60%）儿童的血铅水平大于或等于20微克/分升。在基里亚特亚姆，31名ZPP大于或等于40微克/分升的儿童的血铅（B）水平高于13名ZPP低于40微克/分升的儿童。儿童中与年龄相关ZPP增加的数据表明，在某些情况下，可能对红细胞卟啉代谢有影响，有些情况是由于累积的低水平铅暴露，而在其他情况下是由于缺铁，特别是在社会经济较贫困的群体中。这些发现呼吁对这里研究的人群以及其他地方进行进一步研究，以确定铅毒性和缺铁在所有年龄组儿童中的作用，以及采取预防行动的必要性。
