Study of pollution status in urban environment caused by attitude and waste littering behavior of citizens.

Littering behavior is one of the main challenges in waste management, especially in big cities. In this study, density and composition of litter in Tehran was investigated and the urban pollution status was calculated by using the clean environment index. The results showed that the average density of litter in the studied locations was 0.182 number/m. Spatial variation in the litter density showed that the average density in commercial and residential land-uses was 0.22 and 0.14 number/m, respectively. Cigarette butts (29%), bottle caps (18%), and paper receipts (10%) consisted the largest ratio of the litter composition in the studied locations. Clean environment index for the studied locations was calculated in the range of 2.34 to 10.42. Based on this, 30% of the studied locations were in a clean status and 70% were in a polluted and worse status. The litter density in the city, interviews with citizens, and the results of previous studies showed insufficient awareness of citizens about the consequences of littering in the urban environment, which led to the prevalence of littering behavior. So, the littering behavior by citizens has caused the urban environment pollution and increased health risk. Educating citizens and modifying their behavior to avoid littering is necessary to improve the observed status.