Lim Kuang Hock, Cheong Yoon Ling, Lim Kuang Kuay, Riyadzi Mohd Ruhaizie, Abd Hamid Hamizatul Akmal, Lim Jia Hui, Kee Chee Cheong, Ghazali Sumarni Mohd, Lim Hui Li
Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Tob Induc Dis. 2024 Oct 25;22. doi: 10.18332/tid/192002. eCollection 2024.
The adverse effects of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure on health have been well established. Using the NHMS 2002: Adolescent Health Survey (AHS), this study attempts to evaluate the extent and factors associated with SHS exposure among Malaysian school-going adolescents.
We conducted the NHMS 2022: AHS to gather a representative sample of school-age teenagers. We employed a cross-sectional study design and a multi-stage sampling procedure. We utilized a pre-validated self-administered questionnaire to collect data from the selected respondents. The data analysis included adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Additionally, we investigated the possible two-way interactions between the independent variables.
The SHS prevalence was 42.0%. Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) was associated with male gender (AOR=1.28; 95 CI: 1.20-1.38), older age (AOR=1.46; 95% CI: 1.33-1.60), Malay (AOR=1.88; 95% CI: 1.49-2.37), Bumiputra Sabah (AOR=2.23; 95% CI: 1.67-2.99), Bumiputra Sarawak (AOR=2.43; 95% CI: 1.80-3.28), and Chinese ethnicity (AOR=2.89; 95 CI: % 2.30-3.64), as well as current smoking (AOR=2.78; 95% CI: 2.50-3.09), having separated or divorced parents (AOR=1.12; 95% CI: 1.02-1.23), and parental tobacco product use (AOR=4.75; 95% CI: 4.44-5.08). We found significant interactions between: 1) Age group with gender and ethnicity; 2) Gender and ethnicity; and 3) Parental smoking status with gender, response to tobacco use, parents' marital status, and ethnicity.
Parental characteristics, sociodemographic characteristics, and SHS exposure are strongly correlated. In addition, there is evidence of smoking displacement to the house from other areas by parents/guardians. This study offers a fresh perspective on how these variables influence the likelihood of SHS exposure for Malaysian school-age teenagers. More efforts should focus on parental variables and sociodemographic traits, especially parental smoking cessation support.
二手烟暴露对健康的不良影响已得到充分证实。本研究利用2002年全国健康与 morbidity 调查：青少年健康调查（AHS），试图评估马来西亚在校青少年二手烟暴露的程度及相关因素。
我们开展了2022年全国健康与 morbidity 调查：AHS，以收集具有代表性的学龄青少年样本。我们采用横断面研究设计和多阶段抽样程序。我们使用预先验证的自填式问卷从选定的受访者那里收集数据。数据分析包括调整后的优势比（AOR）及95%置信区间（95%CI）。此外，我们还研究了自变量之间可能的双向相互作用。
二手烟患病率为42.0%。二手烟暴露与男性性别（AOR = 1.28；95%CI：1.20 - 1.38）、年龄较大（AOR = 1.46；95%CI：1.33 - 1.60）、马来族（AOR = 1.88；95%CI：1.49 - 2.37）、沙巴原住民（AOR = 2.23；95%CI：1.67 - 2.99）、砂拉越原住民（AOR = 2.43；95%CI：1.80 - 3.28）、华裔（AOR = 2.89；95%CI：2.30 - 3.64）以及当前吸烟（AOR = 2.78；95%CI：2.50 - 3.09）、父母分居或离异（AOR = 1.12；95%CI：1.02 - 1.23）和父母使用烟草制品（AOR = 4.75；95%CI：4.44 - 5.08）有关。我们发现以下因素之间存在显著相互作用：1）年龄组与性别和种族；2）性别和种族；3）父母吸烟状况与性别、对烟草使用的反应、父母婚姻状况和种族。
父母特征、社会人口学特征与二手烟暴露密切相关。此外，有证据表明父母/监护人将吸烟行为从其他场所转移到家中。本研究为这些变量如何影响马来西亚学龄青少年二手烟暴露的可能性提供了新的视角。应更多地关注父母变量和社会人口学特征，尤其是父母戒烟支持。
