Understanding the Development of Chronic Loneliness in Youth.

Loneliness becomes more prevalent as youth transition from childhood into adolescence. A key underlying process may be the puberty-related increase in biological stress reactivity, which can alter social behavior and elicit conflict or social withdrawal ("fight-or-flight" behaviors) in some youth, but increased prosocial ("tend-and-befriend") responses in others. We propose an integrative theoretical model that identifies the social, personality, and biological characteristics underlying individual differences in social-behavioral responses to stress. This model posits a vicious cycle whereby youth who respond to stress with "fight-or-flight" tendencies develop increasing and chronic levels of loneliness across adolescence, whereas youth who display "tend-and-befriend" behaviors may be buffered from these consequences. Based on research supporting this model, we propose multiple intervention avenues for curtailing the prevalence of loneliness in adolescence by targeting key factors involved in its development: social relationships, personality, and stress-induced behavioral and biological changes.