Hang Sally, Jost Geneva M, Guyer Amanda E, Robins Richard W, Hastings Paul D, Hostinar Camelia E
Psychology Department, University of California-Davis.
Center for Mind and Brain, University of California-Davis.
Child Dev Perspect. 2024 Mar;18(1):44-53. doi: 10.1111/cdep.12496. Epub 2023 Dec 22.
Loneliness becomes more prevalent as youth transition from childhood into adolescence. A key underlying process may be the puberty-related increase in biological stress reactivity, which can alter social behavior and elicit conflict or social withdrawal ("fight-or-flight" behaviors) in some youth, but increased prosocial ("tend-and-befriend") responses in others. We propose an integrative theoretical model that identifies the social, personality, and biological characteristics underlying individual differences in social-behavioral responses to stress. This model posits a vicious cycle whereby youth who respond to stress with "fight-or-flight" tendencies develop increasing and chronic levels of loneliness across adolescence, whereas youth who display "tend-and-befriend" behaviors may be buffered from these consequences. Based on research supporting this model, we propose multiple intervention avenues for curtailing the prevalence of loneliness in adolescence by targeting key factors involved in its development: social relationships, personality, and stress-induced behavioral and biological changes.
随着青少年从童年过渡到青春期，孤独感变得更加普遍。一个关键的潜在过程可能是与青春期相关的生物应激反应性增加，这会改变社会行为，并在一些青少年中引发冲突或社交退缩（“战斗或逃跑”行为），但在另一些青少年中会增加亲社会（“照顾与结盟”）反应。我们提出了一个综合理论模型，该模型确定了在对压力的社会行为反应中个体差异背后的社会、个性和生物学特征。该模型假定了一个恶性循环，即那些以“战斗或逃跑”倾向应对压力的青少年在整个青春期会产生越来越严重的慢性孤独感，而表现出“照顾与结盟”行为的青少年可能会免受这些后果的影响。基于支持该模型的研究，我们提出了多种干预途径，通过针对孤独感发展过程中的关键因素：社会关系、个性以及压力引发的行为和生物学变化，来减少青少年孤独感的普遍程度。
