Tanner Justin, Orthlieb Gerrit, Helms Tillery Stephen
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2024 Oct 14;18:1429843. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1429843. eCollection 2024.
INTRODUCTION: Proprioceptive error of estimated fingertip position in two-dimensional space is reduced with the addition of tactile stimulation applied at the fingertip. Tactile input does not disrupt the participants' estimation strategy, as the individual error vector maps maintain their overall structure. This relationship suggests integration of proprioception and tactile information improves proprioceptive estimation, which can also be improved with trained mental focus and attention. Task attention and arousal are physiologically regulated by the reticular activating system (RAS), a brainstem circuit including the locus coeruleus (LC). There is direct and indirect evidence that these structures can be modulated by non-invasive trigeminal nerve stimulation (nTNS), providing an opportunity to examine nTNS effect on the integrative relationship of proprioceptive and tactile information. METHODS: Fifteen right-handed participants performed a simple right-handed proprioceptive estimation task with tactile feedback (touch) and no tactile (hover) feedback. Participants repeated the task after nTNS administration. Stimulation was delivered for 10 min, and stimulation parameters were 3,000 Hz, 50 μs pulse width, with a mean of 7 mA. Error maps across the workspace are generated using polynomial models of the participants' target responses. RESULTS: Error maps did not demonstrate significant vector direction changes between conditions for any participant, indicating that nTNS does not disrupt spatial proprioception estimation strategies. A linear mixed model regression with nTNS epoch, tactile condition, and the interaction as factors demonstrated that nTNS reduced proprioceptive error under the hover condition only. DISCUSSION: We argue that nTNS does not disrupt spatial proprioceptive error maps but can improve proprioceptive estimation in the absence of tactile feedback. However, we observe no evidence that nTNS enhances tactile-proprioceptive integration as the touch condition does not exhibit significantly reduced error after nTNS.
引言：在二维空间中，通过在指尖施加触觉刺激，可减少估计指尖位置时的本体感觉误差。触觉输入不会扰乱参与者的估计策略，因为个体误差向量图保持其整体结构。这种关系表明，本体感觉与触觉信息的整合可改善本体感觉估计，通过训练精神专注和注意力也可改善。任务注意力和唤醒在生理上由网状激活系统（RAS）调节，RAS是一个包括蓝斑（LC）的脑干回路。有直接和间接证据表明，这些结构可通过无创三叉神经刺激（nTNS）进行调节，这为研究nTNS对本体感觉和触觉信息整合关系的影响提供了机会。 方法：15名右利手参与者执行了一项简单的右利手本体感觉估计任务，分别有触觉反馈（触摸）和无触觉（悬停）反馈。参与者在接受nTNS后重复该任务。刺激持续10分钟，刺激参数为3000Hz、50μs脉冲宽度，平均电流为7mA。使用参与者目标反应的多项式模型生成整个工作空间的误差图。 结果：对于任何参与者，误差图在不同条件下均未显示出显著的向量方向变化，表明nTNS不会扰乱空间本体感觉估计策略。以nTNS时段、触觉条件及其相互作用为因素的线性混合模型回归表明，nTNS仅在悬停条件下减少了本体感觉误差。 讨论：我们认为，nTNS不会扰乱空间本体感觉误差图，但在没有触觉反馈的情况下可改善本体感觉估计。然而，我们没有观察到证据表明nTNS增强了触觉 - 本体感觉整合，因为在nTNS后触摸条件下的误差没有显著降低。
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