Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: clinical hallmarks.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a condition that arises when a person is exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. The main clinical manifestations include craniofacial anomalies, growth retardation, birth defects and change in brain structure and function. These alterations can result in deficits across various domains such as cognition, executive function, memory, vision, hearing, motor skills, behavior, and social adaptation. The effects of alcohol extend beyond the brain, affecting other systems including sensory organs, heart, and kidneys. Given that diagnosing FASD involves excluding other conditions, it is crucial for physicians to be familiar with its main characteristics to facilitate early identification and implement appropriate health strategies for the patient. Moreover, there is a pressing need for primary prevention strategies centered around raising awareness about the risks associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The articles for this report aimed to analyze and evaluate studies focusing on the clinical features observed in FASD children were sourced from online databases such as Medline, Medline Complete and PubMed, covering literature published between 1981 and 2024, written in English, using search terms such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, fetal alcohol syndrome, prenatal alcohol exposure, and alcohol-related birth defects. The evidence gathered underscores that prenatal alcohol exposure primarily affects the brain and its functions, resulting in severe impacts. Furthermore, abnormalities in other vital organs such as the sensory, cardiovascular, and renal systems are frequently observed.