Institute of Human Genetics, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Department of Human Genetics, Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2024 Oct 1;25(10):3489-3506. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2024.25.10.3489.
Cancer is a global medical challenge, and research is at its peak to understand the unique mechanisms of cancer cells. The expanding field of epidemiology, including molecular and environmental studies, helps us better understand the distribution of molecular changes and environmental risk factors in the population.
In the present review, we aimed to find out the different genes and environmental factors that are associated with different cancers in the Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) region of the North Indian population.
A Systematic approach of literature survey was used to curate research data based on genetic and environmental epidemiology specifying the J&K region.
Of 640 articles found initially and screening of 490 records, 97 studies were included for the final review. It was observed that numerous genes that are strongly linked to various cancer types have been discovered as a result of the rising genotyping trend, which has grown in the demography exponentially over the last few decades. The majority of these genes are related to cell cycle regulation, cell growth signaling, and apoptosis regulation. Additionally, high promoter hypermethylation of various genes which were found to be attributed to the presence of distinct dietary patterns. The most important environmental risk attributes were salt tea consumption and dried pickles.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the J&K population possesses many common polymorphisms in various genes with a small effect size that makes individuals more prone to different forms of cancers interacting with different environmental factors. What we can't do is, change the gene sequence or molecular changes which are the main changes for determining the susceptibility of any altered condition but what we can do is lower/ limit the exposure to the environmental factors which is a key element playing with the susceptibility's threshold. Therefore, limiting exposure to environmental factors could be a major step in lowering the risk of disease.
癌症是一个全球性的医学挑战，研究的重点在于理解癌细胞的独特机制。不断发展的流行病学领域，包括分子和环境研究，帮助我们更好地了解人群中分子变化和环境风险因素的分布。
在本综述中，我们旨在找出与北印度查谟和克什米尔（J&K）地区不同癌症相关的不同基因和环境因素。
采用文献调查的系统方法，根据遗传和环境流行病学，针对 J&K 地区整理研究数据。
最初发现 640 篇文章，筛选 490 篇记录后，最终有 97 项研究纳入了最终综述。由于过去几十年中人口数量呈指数级增长，基因分型趋势不断上升，发现了许多与各种癌症类型密切相关的基因。这些基因大多与细胞周期调控、细胞生长信号和细胞凋亡调控有关。此外，还发现了许多基因的启动子高度甲基化，这些基因与不同的饮食模式有关。最重要的环境风险因素是盐茶的消费和干腌菜。
总之，J&K 人群在多种基因中存在许多常见的多态性，这些多态性的效应较小，使个体更容易受到不同形式的癌症的影响，而这些癌症与不同的环境因素相互作用。我们无法改变基因序列或分子变化，这些变化是确定任何改变条件易感性的主要因素，但我们可以降低/限制环境因素的暴露，这是影响易感性阈值的关键因素。因此，限制环境因素的暴露可能是降低疾病风险的重要步骤。
