Dopaminergic circuits controlling threat and safety learning.

The ability to learn from experience that certain cues and situations are associated with threats or safety is crucial for survival and adaptive behavior. Understanding the neural substrates of threat and safety learning has high clinical significance because deficits in these forms of learning characterize anxiety disorders. Traditionally, dopamine neurons were thought to uniformly support reward learning by signaling reward prediction errors. However, the dopamine system is functionally more diverse than was initially appreciated and is also critical for processing threat and safety. In this review, I highlight recent studies demonstrating that dopamine neurons generate prediction errors for threat and safety, and describe how dopamine projections to the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and striatum regulate associative threat and safety learning.