Department of Pharmaceutics, Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248001, India.
AAPS PharmSciTech. 2024 Oct 30;25(8):256. doi: 10.1208/s12249-024-02946-z.
Intranasal drug delivery route has emerged as a promising non-invasive method of administering drugs directly to the brain, bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers (BCSF). BBB and BCSF prevent many therapeutic molecules from entering the brain. Intranasal drug delivery can transport drugs from the nasal mucosa to the brain, to treat a variety of Central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Intranasal drug delivery provides advantages over invasive drug delivery techniques such as intrathecal or intraparenchymal which can cause infection. Many strategies, including nanocarriers liposomes, solid-lipid NPs, nano-emulsion, nanostructured lipid carriers, dendrimers, exosomes, metal NPs, nano micelles, and quantum dots, are effective in nose-to-brain drug transport. However, the biggest obstacles to the nose-to-brain delivery of drugs include mucociliary clearance, poor drug retention, enzymatic degradation, poor permeability, bioavailability, and naso-mucosal toxicity. The current review aims to compile current approaches for drug delivery to the CNS via the nose, focusing on nanotherapeutics and nasal devices. Along with a brief overview of the related pathways or mechanisms, it also covers the advantages of nasal drug delivery as a potential method of drug administration. It also offers several possibilities to improve drug penetration across the nasal barrier. This article overviews various in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo techniques to assess drug transport from the nasal epithelium into the brain.
鼻腔给药途径已成为一种有前途的非侵入性给药方法，可直接将药物递送到大脑，绕过血脑屏障 (BBB) 和血脑脊液屏障 (BCSF)。BBB 和 BCSF 阻止许多治疗分子进入大脑。鼻腔给药可以将药物从鼻黏膜输送到大脑，用于治疗各种中枢神经系统 (CNS) 疾病。与鞘内或脑实质内等有创给药技术相比，鼻腔给药具有优势，因为这些技术可能会引起感染。许多策略，包括纳米载体（如脂质体、固体脂质 NPs、纳米乳液、纳米结构脂质载体、树枝状大分子、外泌体、金属 NPs、纳米胶束和量子点），在鼻内递药方面都很有效。然而，药物经鼻递送到大脑的最大障碍包括黏液纤毛清除、药物保留不良、酶降解、渗透性差、生物利用度和鼻黏膜毒性。本综述旨在汇编通过鼻腔向中枢神经系统给药的当前方法，重点介绍纳米疗法和鼻腔装置。除了简要概述相关途径或机制外，它还涵盖了鼻腔给药作为一种潜在给药方法的优势。它还提供了几种改善药物穿过鼻腔屏障渗透的可能性。本文综述了各种体外、离体和体内技术，以评估药物从鼻上皮到大脑的转运。
