Garg Naval
Delhi Technological University, Vivek Vihar, Phase 2, New Delhi, India.
J Relig Health. 2025 Apr;64(2):1320-1340. doi: 10.1007/s10943-024-02163-9. Epub 2024 Oct 30.
This study developed and validated the niyama-based spiritual well-being scale (NSWBS) using a mixed-method approach. Niyama is one of the eight limbs of ancient Indian Ashtanga yoga philosophy. There are five niyamas: soucha (internal and external cleanliness and hygiene), santosha (happiness and contentment), tapas (austerity and discipline), swadhyaya (self-study, observation and self-introspection) and ishvara-pranidhana (believe and surrender to the God and cosmic power). Both deductive (using existing spiritual well-being scales) and inductive (focus group discussions) approaches were used to generate items. These statements were first subjected to content validity testing and pre-testing, which resulted in seventeen statements. The psychometric properties of generated items were analyzed with the help of three independent studies that utilized various statistical tests like exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, McDonald Omega, Average variance explained, and Fornell and Larcker criterion. The first study examined the factorial structure of the proposed scale. EFA yielded five factors: Internal and external health and purity, Self-discipline and rigour, Self-introspection and observation, Contentment and gratitude, and Belief in God and higher cosmic power. They explained 62.35% of the total variance. The CFA validated the five factorial structure of the scale. The second study established the proposed scale's internal consistency reliability, convergent, divergent, and predictive validities. Lastly, the third study evaluated and concluded the test-retest reliability of the scale. Overall, the niyama-based spiritual well-being scale depicted appreciable psychometric properties.
本研究采用混合方法开发并验证了基于尼雅玛的精神幸福感量表（NSWBS）。尼雅玛是古印度阿斯汤加瑜伽哲学八支中的一支。有五个尼雅玛：清洁（内外清洁与卫生）、知足（幸福与满足）、苦行（苦行与自律）、自我研习（自学、观察与自我反省）以及奉爱（信仰并臣服于神和宇宙力量）。研究采用了演绎法（使用现有的精神幸福感量表）和归纳法（焦点小组讨论）来生成条目。这些陈述首先进行了内容效度测试和预测试，最终得到了17条陈述。借助三项独立研究，利用探索性因素分析（EFA）、验证性因素分析（CFA）、克朗巴哈系数、麦克唐纳欧米伽系数、平均方差解释量以及福尔奈尔和拉克尔准则等各种统计测试，对生成条目的心理测量特性进行了分析。第一项研究考察了所提议量表的因子结构。探索性因素分析得出了五个因子：内外健康与纯净、自律与严谨、自我反省与观察、知足与感恩以及对神和更高宇宙力量的信仰。它们解释了总方差的62.35%。验证性因素分析验证了该量表的五因子结构。第二项研究确立了所提议量表的内部一致性信度、收敛效度、区分效度和预测效度。最后，第三项研究评估并得出了该量表的重测信度。总体而言，基于尼雅玛的精神幸福感量表展现出了可观的心理测量特性。
