Cuevas Soledad, Nachtigall Daniel, Jaber Aimee Aguilar, Belesova Kristine, Falconer Jane, Haines Andy, Reynolds Tamzin, Schuster Tobias Magnus, Whitmee Sarah, Green Rosemary
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Instituto de Economía, Geografía y Demografía (IEGD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), UK.
Clim Policy. 2024 Jun 2;24(10):1346-1364. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2024.2356822. eCollection 2024.
Carbon pricing is a key component of current climate policy agendas. There are a variety of societal and health impacts from carbon pricing interventions (e.g. from improved air quality). A better understanding of potential health impacts and how they depend on context and policy design is crucial to improve the political feasibility and fairness of carbon pricing. Recent reviews have synthesized evidence on the effectiveness, equity and perceptions of carbon pricing and on the health co-benefits of mitigation. This review provides a narrative structured synthesis of the health impacts of carbon pricing. We identified 58 relevant publications of which all were modelling studies. We classify review findings into policy-relevant categories, synthesizing information on how carbon pricing affects health outcomes when implemented in different contexts, in isolation or as part of policy mixes. Findings suggest that internalization of health co-benefits in optimal price level estimates could lead to substantial mitigation in some regions. There are also opportunities to design carbon pricing to improve health outcomes, including through progressive or targeted use of revenues to improve food security, subsidize healthier diets or promote active transportation. Revenue use, price differentiation, market size and permit allocation of emissions trading schemes (ETS), and interaction with other public health or mitigation policies all influence health outcomes. Overall, the health impacts of carbon pricing are highly context-specific and further evidence is needed, particularly on health inequalities and ex-post analysis. However, existing evidence suggests that it is possible to design health-beneficial carbon pricing policies, thus enhancing policy acceptability and feasibility.
碳定价是当前气候政策议程的关键组成部分。碳定价干预措施会产生各种社会和健康影响（例如，空气质量改善带来的影响）。更好地了解潜在的健康影响以及这些影响如何取决于具体情况和政策设计，对于提高碳定价的政治可行性和公平性至关重要。近期的综述总结了关于碳定价的有效性、公平性和认知以及减排的健康协同效益的证据。本综述对碳定价的健康影响进行了叙事性结构化总结。我们确定了58篇相关出版物，所有这些都是建模研究。我们将综述结果分类为与政策相关的类别，综合了关于碳定价在不同情况下单独实施或作为政策组合的一部分时如何影响健康结果的信息。研究结果表明，在最优价格水平估计中纳入健康协同效益可能会在某些地区带来大幅减排。也有机会设计碳定价以改善健康结果，包括通过逐步或有针对性地使用收入来改善粮食安全、补贴更健康的饮食或促进积极出行。收入使用、价格差异化、排放交易计划（ETS）的市场规模和许可证分配，以及与其他公共卫生或减排政策的相互作用都会影响健康结果。总体而言，碳定价的健康影响高度依赖具体情况，还需要更多证据，特别是关于健康不平等和事后分析的证据。然而，现有证据表明，有可能设计出对健康有益的碳定价政策，从而提高政策的可接受性和可行性。
