Estrada Mario Arturo Ruiz, Levy Inna
University of Economics and Human Sciences (UEHS), Okopowa 59, 01-043, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Criminology, Ariel University, Israel and Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zefat Academic College, Israel, 13206, Zefat, Israel.
J Relig Health. 2025 Feb;64(1):590-602. doi: 10.1007/s10943-024-02153-x. Epub 2024 Nov 1.
This paper attempts to evaluate how massive religious festival celebrations can encourage the faster spread of any pandemic according to our problem statement, such as the case of COVID-19. For example, we evaluate Israel's three major religions, namely Judaism, Christianity, and the Islamic festival celebrations, respectively. Firstly, we have the traditional Jewish festivities such as Hanukkah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, and Rosh Hashanah. In the Christian's traditional festivities celebrations, we identified Christmas, Easter Day, and All Saints Day. Finally, the Muslim festivities of Muharram and the Birthday of the Holy Prophet Mohamad. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if these nine massive religious festival celebrations are the main reasons for the large spread of COVID-19 in Israel directly or indirectly. In fact, we propose a new methodology to evaluate the impact of any massive religious festival celebration and the fast spread of any pandemic everywhere and anytime. The new indicator is entitled "The National Spread Levels of Infectious Diseases Risk from Massive Religious Festivities Index" (National-SLIDRMRF-Index). Finally, the major finding in this research is that any massive religious events can generate an exponential number of COVID-19 cases constantly. Therefore, this research concluded that we urgently need a standardized index to monitor and control the expansion of any pandemic such as COVID-19 among different religious groups in the same country. At the same time, we give different policy recommendations to the Israeli government to constantly keep major controls and measures of different religious events in Jerusalem.
根据我们的问题陈述，本文试图评估大规模宗教节日庆祝活动如何助长任何疫情的快速传播，比如新冠疫情的情况。例如，我们分别评估了以色列的三大宗教，即犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的节日庆祝活动。首先，我们有传统的犹太节日，如光明节、赎罪日、住棚节和犹太新年。在基督教的传统节日庆祝活动中，我们确定了圣诞节、复活节和万圣节。最后，是穆斯林的阿舒拉节和先知穆罕默德诞辰。本研究的目的是评估这九次大规模宗教节日庆祝活动是否直接或间接导致了新冠疫情在以色列的大规模传播。事实上，我们提出了一种新方法，用于评估任何大规模宗教节日庆祝活动以及随时随地任何疫情的快速传播的影响。这个新指标名为“大规模宗教节日引发的传染病风险全国传播水平指数”（National-SLIDRMRF-Index）。最后，本研究的主要发现是，任何大规模宗教活动都会持续产生指数级数量的新冠病例。因此，本研究得出结论，我们迫切需要一个标准化指数，以监测和控制同一国家不同宗教群体中如新冠疫情等任何疫情的扩散。同时，我们向以色列政府提出不同的政策建议，以持续对耶路撒冷不同宗教活动进行主要管控并采取措施。
