Exercise-induced adaptive response of different immune organs during ageing.

The immune system plays a crucial role in the ageing process. As individuals age, significant alterations in the immune system experiences occur, marked by a decline in immune cell count, compromised immune function, and decreased immune regulation across various immune organs. These changes collectively weaken the capacity to combat diseases and infections, highlighting the vulnerability that accompanies ageing. Exercise is a potent intervention that profoundly influences holistic well-being and disease mitigation, with a notable emphasis on immune modulation. In general, regular moderate exercise holds significant potential to enhance immune defense mechanisms and metabolic well-being by augmenting the circulation and activation of immune cells. However, some exercise modalities would trigger detrimental effects on the immune system. It can be seen that the regulatory responses of various immune organs to diverse exercise patterns are different. This review aims to examine the immunological responses elicited by exercise across various immune organs, including the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus, to underscore the nuanced interplay between exercise patterns and the immune organ. This underscores the importance of customizing exercise interventions to optimize immune function across the lifespan.