Maternal gut-microbiota impacts the influence of intrauterine environmental stressors on the modulation of human cognitive development and behavior.

This review examines the longstanding debate of nature and intrauterine environmental challenges that shapes human development and behavior, with a special focus on the influence of maternal prenatal gut microbes. Recent research has revealed the critical role of the gut microbiome in human neurodevelopment, and evidence suggest that maternal microbiota can impact fetal gene and microenvironment composition, as well as immunophysiology and neurochemical responses. Furthermore, intrauterine neuroepigenetic regulation may be influenced by maternal microbiota, capable of having long-lasting effects on offspring behavior and cognition. By examining the complex relationship between maternal prenatal gut microbes and human development, this review highlights the importance of early-life environmental factors in shaping neurodevelopment and cognition.