Thacharodi Aswin, Meenatchi Ramu, Hassan Saqib, Hussain Naseer, Bhat Mansoor Ahmad, Arockiaraj Jesu, Ngo Huu Hao, Le Quynh Hoang, Pugazhendhi Arivalagan
Dr. Thacharodi's Laboratories, Department of Research and Development, Puducherry, 605005, India.
Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India.
J Environ Manage. 2023 Oct 27;349:119433. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119433.
Microplastics are small plastic pieces ranging in size from 1μ to <5 mm in diameter, are water-soluble, and can be either primary as they are initially created in small sizes or secondary as they develop due to plastic degradation. Approximately 360 million tons of plastic are produced globally every year, with only 7% recycled, leaving the majority of waste to accumulate in the environment and pose a serious threat in the form of microplastics. All ecosystems, particularly freshwater ecosystems, experience microplastic accumulation and are also prone to degrading processes. Degraded microplastics accumulate in many aquatic systems, contaminate them, and enter the food chain as a result of the excessive discharge of plastic trash annually from the domestic to the industrial sector. Due to their pervasiveness, these tiny plastic particles are constantly present in freshwater environments, which are essential to human life. In this sense, microplastic pollution is seen as a worldwide problem that has a detrimental impact on every component of the freshwater environment. Microplastics act as carriers for various toxic components such as additives and other hazardous substances from industrial and urbanized areas. These microplastic-contaminated effluents are ultimately transferred into water systems and directly ingested by organisms associated with a particular ecosystem. The microplastics components also pose an indirect threat to aquatic ecosystems by adsorbing surrounding water pollutants. This review mainly focuses on the sources of microplastics, the ecotoxicity of microplastics and the impact microplastics have on aquatic and marine life, management, and bioremediation of microplastics. Policies and strategies adopted by the Government to combat microplastic pollution are also discussed in this review.
微塑料是直径范围从1微米到小于5毫米的小塑料碎片，可溶于水，它们既可以是最初以小尺寸产生的原生微塑料，也可以是由于塑料降解而形成的次生微塑料。全球每年生产约3.6亿吨塑料，其中只有7%被回收利用，大部分垃圾留在环境中，以微塑料的形式构成严重威胁。所有生态系统，尤其是淡水生态系统，都存在微塑料积累现象，并且也容易受到降解过程的影响。降解后的微塑料在许多水生系统中积累，污染这些系统，并由于每年从家庭到工业部门的塑料垃圾过度排放而进入食物链。由于其普遍性，这些微小的塑料颗粒在对人类生活至关重要的淡水环境中一直存在。从这个意义上说，微塑料污染被视为一个全球性问题，对淡水环境的各个组成部分都有不利影响。微塑料充当各种有毒成分的载体，如来自工业和城市化地区的添加剂及其他有害物质。这些受微塑料污染的废水最终被排入水系统，并被与特定生态系统相关的生物直接摄取。微塑料成分还通过吸附周围的水污染物对水生生态系统构成间接威胁。本综述主要关注微塑料的来源、微塑料的生态毒性以及微塑料对水生和海洋生物的影响、微塑料的管理和生物修复。本综述还讨论了政府为应对微塑料污染而采取的政策和策略。
