Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan-29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Department of Botany, University of Chakwal, Chakwal, 48800, Pakistan.
Sci Rep. 2024 Nov 5;14(1):26726. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-78256-y.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop of immense economic importance, especially in the agronomic context of Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Understanding the effects of various agronomic practices, such as priming techniques, sowing methods, and seed rates, on wheat yield and growth is crucial for optimizing production and ensuring regional food security. To study the effects of priming and sowing techniques in combination with seed rates on short (Israr Shaheed) and long (Gomal) duration, three experiments were conducted at the agronomic research site of Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, wheat varieties. In the first experiment, various priming techniques were used. Among different techniques used Farmyard manure priming produced the tallest plants at 111.3 and 125.3 cm, the maximum number of tillers (335.7 and 345.0 m), longest spikes (8.6 and 7.6 cm), maximum spikelets (27.2 and 31.0 spike), maximum number of grains (45.5 and 48.7 spike), maximum grain yield (4.4 and 4.6 t ha) and maximum harvest index (38.7 and 41.5%) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. Conversely, compost manure produced heavier grains than other interactions (49.2 and 42.3 g) while sodium chloride showed the maximum biological yield (12.4 and 11.8 t ha) for Israr Shaheed and Gomal correspondingly. In 2nd experiment, different sowing methods were tested on two wheat varieties Israr Shaheed and Gomal. Dry sowing followed by flooding produced tallest plants measuring (105.5 and 101.7 cm), maximum number of tillers (398.2 and 406.7 m), longest spikes (8.3 and 7.2 cm), maximum spikelets (29.8 and 35.5 spike), maximum number of grains (54.3 and 51.6 spike) and maximum grain yield (4.3 and 4.6 t ha) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. Israr Shaheed and Gomal showed maximum 1000-grain weights (45.3 and 45.0 g) in sprouted seeding in flooded fields respectively. The highest biological yield (13.6 t ha-1) was in dry seed in the flooded field while the maximum harvest index (33.5 and 33.9%) was recorded in soaked seed followed by flooding for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. In the last experiment, different seed rates were studied. The results showed that plants grown with seed rate 150 kg ha showed the tallest plants at 111.0 and 111.7 cm, maximum number of tillers (411.6 and 408.2 m), longest spikes (7.8 and 7.7 cm), maximum spikelets (34.3 and 34.3 spike), maximum number of grains (50.8 and 47.2 spike), maximum grain yield (4.6 and 4.5 t ha) and maximum harvest index (38.4 and 36.7%) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. The maximum number of 1000-grains weight (g) was found on 200 and 250 kg ha for Israr Shaheed and Goma-8, respectively giving 45.2 g while biological yield was the highest in 175 kg ha respectively. Conclusively, the results indicated that yield and yield attributes in wheat were enhanced up to 150 kg ha seed rate when interacted with farmyard manure priming along with dry sowing of seed followed by flooding. Future research should explore the integration of advanced irrigation techniques and nutrient management practices to further enhance wheat productivity in the Dera Ismail Khan region.
小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是一种具有巨大经济重要性的主要作物，特别是在巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省德拉伊斯梅尔汗的农业背景下。了解各种农业实践（如浸种技术、播种方法和播种率）对小麦产量和生长的影响对于优化生产和确保区域粮食安全至关重要。为了研究浸种和播种技术与播种率相结合对短（Israr Shaheed）和长（Gomal）生育期小麦的影响，在巴基斯坦德拉伊斯梅尔汗的古马尔大学农业研究站进行了三项小麦品种试验。在第一个实验中，使用了各种浸种技术。在使用的不同技术中，农家肥浸种产生的植株最高，分别为 111.3 和 125.3 厘米，分蘖数最多（335.7 和 345.0 个/米），最长的穗（8.6 和 7.6 厘米），最多的小穗（27.2 和 31.0 个小穗），最多的粒数（45.5 和 48.7 个小穗），最高的粒产量（4.4 和 4.6 吨/公顷）和最高的收获指数（38.7 和 41.5%），分别为 Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal。相反，堆肥肥产生的粒重比其他处理重（49.2 和 42.3 克），而氯化钠表现出最高的生物产量（12.4 和 11.8 吨/公顷），分别为 Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal。在第二个实验中，对两种小麦品种 Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal 进行了不同的播种方法测试。干播后灌水处理产生的植株最高，分别为（105.5 和 101.7 厘米），分蘖数最多（398.2 和 406.7 米），最长的穗（8.3 和 7.2 厘米），最多的小穗（29.8 和 35.5 个小穗），最多的粒数（54.3 和 51.6 个小穗）和最高的粒产量（4.3 和 4.6 吨/公顷），分别为 Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal。Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal 在水涝条件下萌发的种子中表现出最大的千粒重（分别为 45.3 和 45.0 克）。在水涝条件下干播种子的生物产量最高（13.6 吨/公顷-1），而最大的收获指数（33.5 和 33.9%）则记录在湿播后灌水处理，分别为 Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal。在最后一个实验中，研究了不同的播种率。结果表明，播种率为 150 公斤/公顷的植株最高，分别为 111.0 和 111.7 厘米，分蘖数最多（411.6 和 408.2 米），最长的穗（7.8 和 7.7 厘米），最多的小穗（34.3 和 34.3 个小穗），最多的粒数（50.8 和 47.2 个小穗），最高的粒产量（4.6 和 4.5 吨/公顷）和最高的收获指数（38.4 和 36.7%），分别为 Israr Shaheed 和 Gomal。Israr Shaheed 和 Goma-8 的千粒重最高，分别为 200 和 250 公斤/公顷，分别为 45.2 克，而生物产量在 175 公斤/公顷时最高。总之，结果表明，当与农家肥浸种和干播后灌水处理相结合，播种率在 150 公斤/公顷时，小麦的产量和产量性状得到了提高。未来的研究应该探索整合先进的灌溉技术和养分管理实践，以进一步提高德拉伊斯梅尔汗地区的小麦生产力。
