Integrated energy management for enhanced grid flexibility: Optimizing renewable resources and energy storage systems across transmission and distribution networks.

This study explores the enhancement of electric grid flexibility and the realization of smart grid objectives through the integration of renewable energy (RE) resources and energy storage systems (ESS). While prior research has mainly concentrated on optimizing ESS operations either within the transmission network as a versatile power source or within the distribution network using small-scale batteries, our approach offers a more holistic perspective. We introduce a bi-level stochastic model for integrated energy management that encompasses renewable energy, demand side management (DSM), transmission, and distribution networks as interconnected entities. To tackle the binary variables inherent in the model, we employ a precise method based on reformulation and decomposition techniques to ensure globally optimal solutions. We evaluate the efficacy of our proposed model and the influence of ESS on the networks using various integrated transmission and distribution network systems. Our findings demonstrate the model's efficiency and underscore the cost-saving benefits of integrating energy storage systems. Specifically, incorporating ESS into the distribution grid results in a 13 % reduction in distribution network costs, while deploying large batteries in the transmission grid leads to an impressive 83 % cost reduction.