Leveraging bacteria-inspired nanomaterials for targeted controlling biofilm and virulence properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen designated as a high-priority pathogen because of its role in major healthcare-associated and nosocomial infections. Biofilm production by these bacteria is one of the adaptive resistance mechanisms to traditional antibiotics, making treatment challenging, especially for immunocompromised patients. P. aeruginosa also produces a variety of virulence factors, which aid in invasion, adhesion, persistence, and immune system protection. Recent advances in nanotechnology-based therapy, notably the application of bioinspired metal and metal-oxide nanomaterials, have been seen as a viable way to control P. aeruginosa biofilm and virulence. Because of its ease of growth and culture, synthesizing metal and metal-oxide nanomaterials using bacterial species has become one of the most environmentally benign green synthesis options. The application of bacterial-inspired nanomaterials is particularly successful for targeted control of P. aeruginosa infection due to interactions with cell membrane components and transport systems. This paper delves into and provides a complete overview of the application of bacterial-inspired metal and metal-oxide nanomaterials to treat P. aeruginosa infection by targeting biofilm and virulence characteristics. The review focused on synthesizing and applying gold, silver, copper, iron, magnetite, and zinc oxide nanomaterials to mitigate P. aeruginosa biofilm and virulence. The underlying mechanism of these metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles in relation to biofilm and virulence features has also been thoroughly discussed. The current review introduces novel approaches to treating and controlling drug-resistant P. aeruginosa using bacterial-inspired nanomaterials as a targeted therapeutic strategy.