Smith Lilly Catherine, Stringer Andrew, Owuor Kevin Omondi, Ndenga Bryson Alberto, Winter Christabel, Gerken Keli Nicole
North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA.
University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, UK.
One Health. 2024 Oct 13;19:100914. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100914. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Animal sourced foods (ASF) are important for global food security and in mitigating the impact of undernutrition. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, demand and urbanization continue to increase, creating a greater divide between farm-level production and consumption. Food safety residues including antibiotics and aflatoxin residues often originate at the production site, and risk can shift as milk is transported. In 2022, milk samples ( = 190) were collected from eight milk vendors in Kisumu, Kenya and tested for betalactams and aflatoxins with cut off values of 300 parts per billion (ppb) and 200 parts per trillion (ppt), respectively. Data was collected on the origin and containers of each sample, and the eight vendors responded to an open-ended questionnaire regarding the structure and challenges in their milk business. Aflatoxin residues were detected in 7 % (13/190) of samples with no samples (0/190) testing positive for antibiotic residues. Overall, 80 % samples were collected from metal transportation containers, and no milk containers >20 l tested positive for aflatoxins. The origin location(s) of milk was not significantly associated with residues ( ). Vendor questionnaire data were summarized into three themes: 1) Physical properties of milk are understood to influence quality, 2) Fluctuating availability of milk impacts profits and is the main influence on choice of supplier, and 3) Trust and rapport among value chain actors are key to mitigating business challenges. Our results indicate that farm-level practices around antibiotic use is not posing a major milk safety risk to urban consumers. Use of large 50-l containers for transporting milk may be protective as risk of aflatoxin residues is diluted below key thresholds. We recommend supporting existing relationships and identifying drivers that build trust among informal value chain actors which could strengthen collaboration and allow actors to move towards a shared goal of reliable and safe milk available for urban consumers.
动物源食品对全球粮食安全以及减轻营养不良的影响至关重要。在撒哈拉以南非洲地区，需求和城市化持续增长，导致农场层面的生产与消费之间的差距日益扩大。包括抗生素和黄曲霉毒素残留在内的食品安全残留物通常源自生产地，并且风险会随着牛奶运输而转移。2022年，从肯尼亚基苏木的8家牛奶供应商处采集了190份牛奶样本，分别检测了β-内酰胺类和黄曲霉毒素，其截断值分别为十亿分之300（ppb）和万亿分之200（ppt）。收集了每个样本的来源和容器数据，并且这8家供应商回答了一份关于其牛奶业务的结构和挑战的开放式问卷。在7%（13/190）的样本中检测到了黄曲霉毒素残留，没有样本（0/190）检测出抗生素残留呈阳性。总体而言，80%的样本是从金属运输容器中采集的，并且没有大于20升的牛奶容器检测出黄曲霉毒素呈阳性。牛奶的产地与残留物之间没有显著关联（ ）。供应商问卷数据归纳为三个主题：1）人们认为牛奶的物理特性会影响质量；2）牛奶供应的波动影响利润，并且是影响供应商选择的主要因素；3）价值链参与者之间的信任和融洽关系是缓解业务挑战的关键。我们的结果表明，农场层面抗生素使用的做法并未给城市消费者带来重大的牛奶安全风险。使用50升的大容器运输牛奶可能具有保护作用，因为黄曲霉毒素残留的风险被稀释至关键阈值以下。我们建议支持现有关系，并确定能够在非正式价值链参与者之间建立信任的驱动因素，这可以加强合作，并使参与者朝着为城市消费者提供可靠且安全牛奶的共同目标迈进。
