Puastuti Wisri, Yulistiani Dwi, Haryati Tuti, Rakhmani Susana Insusila Watining, Widiawati Yeni, Kusumaningrum Diana Andrianita, Wina Elizabeth, Jayanegara Anuraga, Anda Markus
Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia.
Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Bogor, Indonesia.
Vet World. 2024 Sep;17(9):2077-2087. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.2077-2087. Epub 2024 Sep 15.
Rice straw, a widely available agricultural byproduct globally, has significant potential as a basal diet for livestock. The major challenge lies in obtaining high-protein foliage that can be easily extracted using natural water rather than chemical solvents. This study aimed to assess the ability of distilled water to extract protein concentrate from leaves ( Miq.) and to evaluate its effectiveness in enhancing rumen feed fermentation and digestibility in low-quality rice straw basal diets.
The study was conducted in two experimental series. Experiment 1 was designed to explore the ability of distilled water to extract protein concentrate from fresh and dry leaves by comparing it with the 0.1 N NaOH standard solvent. Experiment 2 focused on the digestibility of protein concentrates extracted from fresh leaves based on optimal findings from experiment 1. Five treatments consisting of 0.5% and 1.0% protein concentrate and two extractants (distilled water and 0.1 N NaOH) were used to extract protein from leaves. These extracts were then added to rice straw-based diets. Rice straw without supplements was used as a control. The treatments were arranged using a randomized complete design with five replicates.
The results of experiment 1 showed that distilled water was superior to 0.1 N NaOH for extracting protein concentrate from fresh leaves, as revealed by higher dry matter, protein yield, total amino acids (AA), and total essential AA (EAA) production. For experiment 2, supplementation with distilled water-extracted protein concentrates successfully increased rumen fermentation and digestibility in rice straw basal diets, as indicated by higher gas production, total volatile fatty acid, and microbial protein levels compared with 0.1 N NaOH.
Findings from this study confirm that leaf protein concentrate offers a new alternative for enhancing rumen feed fermentation and the digestibility of low-quality rice straw diets. This study implies that it is an easy, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly approach, particularly beneficial for smallholders, to extract protein concentrate from fresh leaves using distilled water and use it to enhance the quality of rice straw for ruminant feed. The limitation of this study is that the supplement was established using digestibility under controlled laboratory conditions, which does not reflect real rumen conditions. Therefore, further studies using digestibility in ruminant animals are required to confirm the ability of the protein extracted from to enhance rumen feed fermentation in low-protein basal diets.
稻草是全球广泛可得的农业副产品，作为家畜的基础日粮具有巨大潜力。主要挑战在于获取可通过天然水而非化学溶剂轻松提取的高蛋白叶片。本研究旨在评估蒸馏水从叶（Miq.）中提取蛋白质浓缩物的能力，并评估其在低质量稻草基础日粮中增强瘤胃饲料发酵和消化率的有效性。
本研究分两个实验系列进行。实验1旨在通过将蒸馏水与0.1 N NaOH标准溶剂进行比较，探索蒸馏水从新鲜和干燥叶中提取蛋白质浓缩物的能力。实验2基于实验1的最佳结果，聚焦于从新鲜叶中提取的蛋白质浓缩物的消化率。使用由0.5%和1.0%蛋白质浓缩物以及两种提取剂（蒸馏水和0.1 N NaOH）组成的五种处理方法从叶中提取蛋白质。然后将这些提取物添加到以稻草为基础的日粮中。未添加补充剂的稻草用作对照。处理采用随机完全设计，重复五次。
实验1的结果表明，蒸馏水在从新鲜叶中提取蛋白质浓缩物方面优于0.1 N NaOH，这体现在更高的干物质、蛋白质产量、总氨基酸（AA）和总必需氨基酸（EAA）产量上。对于实验2，与0.1 N NaOH相比，添加蒸馏水提取的蛋白质浓缩物成功提高了稻草基础日粮中的瘤胃发酵和消化率，表现为更高的产气量、总挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白质水平。
本研究结果证实，叶蛋白质浓缩物为增强瘤胃饲料发酵和低质量稻草日粮的消化率提供了一种新的选择。本研究表明，使用蒸馏水从新鲜叶中提取蛋白质浓缩物并用于提高反刍动物饲料稻草质量是一种简便、经济高效且环保的方法，对小农户尤其有益。本研究的局限性在于，补充剂是在受控实验室条件下根据消化率确定的，这并不能反映真实的瘤胃状况。因此，需要进一步开展使用反刍动物消化率的研究，以确认从叶中提取蛋白质增强低蛋白基础日粮中瘤胃饲料发酵的能力。
