甜菜碱偶联氧化锌纳米粒子的绿色合成：口腔癌细胞的抗菌功效和凋亡途径激活。

Eco-friendly synthesis of betanin-conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles: antimicrobial efficacy and apoptotic pathway activation in oral cancer cells.

机构信息

Department of Cariology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India.

Department of Pharmacology, JKKMMRF's- Annai JKK Sampoorani Ammal College of Pharmacy, The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University, Komorapalayam, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.

出版信息

Mol Biol Rep. 2024 Nov 7;51(1):1128. doi: 10.1007/s11033-024-10039-0.

DOI:10.1007/s11033-024-10039-0

PMID:39508958

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Phytochemical-based synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is an eco-friendly approach with various biomedical applications. Betanin, a natural pigment in beetroot, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. When conjugated with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), these properties are enhanced. This study aimed to synthesize betanin-ZnO nanoparticles (BE-ZnO-NPs) and evaluate their biological potential.

METHODS

BE-ZnO-NPs were synthesized and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, XRD, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. In silico studies assessed interactions with oral pathogen proteins, and antibacterial activity was tested against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity on KB cells were evaluated through scavenging assays, MTT assay, and qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

Betanin synthesized ZnO NPs UV-Vis results showed surface plasmon resonance at 388 nm, and FTIR confirmed betanin role as a capping agent. FE-SEM and TEM revealed particles of 37 nm. EDX confirmed zinc content, and XRD showed a hexagonal structure. Zeta potential was - 3.3 mV, and DLS indicated a size of 38.73 nm. In silico analysis showed strong binding to E. faecalis (- 8.0 Kcal/mol). BE-ZnO-NPs demonstrated antibacterial activity at 100 µg/mL, with inhibition zones of 18 ± 0.14 mm for E. faecalis and 14 ± 0.18 mm for S. mutans. In contrast, BE demonstrated antibacterial activity at 100 µg/mL, with zone of inhibition of 10.6 ± 0.14 mm for E. faecalisand 11.4 ± 0.18 mm for S. mutans.Antioxidant assays revealed dose-dependent scavenging activity. Cytotoxicity showed an IC of 24.29 µg/mL, with qRT-PCR indicating apoptosis through the BCL2/BAX/P53 pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

BE-ZnO-NPs exhibited significant antibacterial and antioxidant activities and demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in oral cancer cells via the BCL-2/BAX/P53 signalling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of BE-ZnO-NPs as promising antimicrobial agents for tooth infections and as therapeutic agents for oral tumour treatment.

摘要

背景

基于植物化学物质的纳米粒子（NPs）合成是一种具有各种生物医学应用的环保方法。甜菜根中的天然色素甜菜红素具有抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌特性。当与氧化锌纳米粒子（ZnO NPs）结合时，这些特性会得到增强。本研究旨在合成甜菜红素-氧化锌纳米粒子（BE-ZnO-NPs）并评估其生物学潜力。

方法

采用紫外-可见光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HR-TEM）、能量色散 X 射线光谱（EDX）、X 射线衍射（XRD）、动态光散射（DLS）和 Zeta 电位分析等方法合成和表征 BE-ZnO-NPs。通过计算机模拟研究评估了它们与口腔病原体蛋白的相互作用，测试了它们对粪肠球菌、白色念珠菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和变形链球菌的抗菌活性。通过清除实验、MTT 测定和 qRT-PCR 评估了它们的抗氧化潜力和对 KB 细胞的细胞毒性。

结果

甜菜红素合成的 ZnO NPs 的紫外-可见结果显示表面等离子体共振在 388nm 处，FTIR 证实了甜菜红素作为封端剂的作用。FE-SEM 和 TEM 显示出 37nm 的颗粒。EDX 证实了锌的含量，XRD 显示出六方结构。Zeta 电位为-3.3mV，DLS 表明粒径为 38.73nm。计算机模拟分析显示与粪肠球菌（-8.0Kcal/mol）具有很强的结合能力。BE-ZnO-NPs 在 100μg/mL 时表现出抗菌活性，对粪肠球菌的抑菌圈为 18±0.14mm，对变形链球菌的抑菌圈为 14±0.18mm。相比之下，BE 在 100μg/mL 时表现出抗菌活性，对粪肠球菌的抑菌圈为 10.6±0.14mm，对变形链球菌的抑菌圈为 11.4±0.18mm。抗氧化测定显示出剂量依赖性的清除活性。细胞毒性试验表明 IC 为 24.29μg/mL，qRT-PCR 表明通过 BCL2/BAX/P53 途径诱导细胞凋亡。