Hirad Abdurahman Hajinur, Alarfaj Abdullah A, Ravindran Balasubramani, Narasimhamoorthi Shilpa Perumal
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O Box.2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025 Jan;742:151019. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.151019. Epub 2024 Nov 22.
Lung cancer is the most frequently reported disease on a global scale. The bioactive substances are less successful in specifically destroying cancer cells. To prevent early inactivation and ensure targeted delivery of bioactive chemicals to cancer cells. Betanin is known as nitrogenous water-soluble molecule which possess anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.
This work evaluates the anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties of Betanin coated zinc oxide nanoparticles on the A549 lung cancer cell line.
In the current work, Betanin coated Zinc oxide nanoparticles (Betanin coated ZnO NPs) were made utilizing Betanin, a phytochemical. SEM, FTIR, DLS, and UV-Vis were used to evaluate their properties. Trypan blue and MTT were used to confirm cell survival and cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles at various dosages. The morphological evaluation of A549 cells was investigated by phase contrast microscopy and apoptosis by propidium iodide staining. The membrane integrity of mitochondria was investigated by rhodamine 123 staining and observed under fluorescence microscope. The anti-oxidant ability of ZnO nanoparticles was analyzed by level of catalase, glutathione, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase using UV spectrophotometric analysis. Studies on gene expression (Bcl2, P53and BAX) were conducted to assess the molecular mechanism of apoptosis mediated by synthesized nanoparticle and level of matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) by gelatin zymography.
At the peak of 383 nm in the UV band, zinc oxide NP synthesis was confirmed. The FT-IR data demonstrated that zinc oxide nanoparticles were effectively coated with Betanin and by dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed particle size to be 100.8 nm. The presence of cubic, spherical, and platelet-shaped zinc oxide nanoparticles has been observed by SEM analysis. The nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized chemically and exhibited decreasing cell viability and increasing cytotoxicity and apoptosis in dose dependent manner. The levels of LPO activity increased significantly and NO, antioxidant enzymes (GSH, SOD, and CAT) activity decreased significantly (P <0.0001). Our results demonstrated that A549 cells treated with Betanin loaded ZnO nanoparticles to prevent oxidation by scavenging free radicals and increased levels of gene expression related to apoptotic proteins BAX, p53 and decreased level of expression in Bcl2. Further, level of matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) decreased with increase in concentration of nanoparticle.
As per the research described above, lung cancer cells were effectively targeted by the anticancer and antioxidant abilities of ZnO nanoparticles inspired by Betanin (A549).
肺癌是全球范围内报告频率最高的疾病。生物活性物质在特异性破坏癌细胞方面成效较低。为防止早期失活并确保生物活性化学物质靶向递送至癌细胞。甜菜红素是一种含氮水溶性分子，具有抗炎、保肝、抗氧化和抗癌特性。
本研究评估了甜菜红素包覆的氧化锌纳米颗粒对A549肺癌细胞系的抗癌和抗氧化特性。
在本研究中，利用植物化学物质甜菜红素制备了甜菜红素包覆的氧化锌纳米颗粒（甜菜红素包覆的ZnO NPs）。使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、动态光散射（DLS）和紫外可见光谱（UV-Vis）对其特性进行评估。采用台盼蓝和MTT法确认不同剂量氧化锌纳米颗粒的细胞存活率和细胞毒性。通过相差显微镜对A549细胞进行形态学评估，并用碘化丙啶染色检测细胞凋亡。通过罗丹明123染色研究线粒体膜完整性，并在荧光显微镜下观察。使用紫外分光光度法通过过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽、一氧化氮、脂质过氧化和超氧化物歧化酶水平分析氧化锌纳米颗粒的抗氧化能力。进行基因表达研究（Bcl2、P53和BAX）以评估合成纳米颗粒介导的凋亡分子机制，并通过明胶酶谱法检测基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）水平。
在紫外波段383nm处出现峰值，确认了氧化锌纳米颗粒的合成。傅里叶变换红外光谱数据表明氧化锌纳米颗粒被甜菜红素有效包覆，动态光散射分析证实粒径为100.8nm。扫描电子显微镜分析观察到立方体形球形和血小板形的氧化锌纳米颗粒。化学合成的氧化锌纳米颗粒表现出剂量依赖性的细胞活力降低、细胞毒性增加和细胞凋亡。脂质过氧化（LPO）活性水平显著升高，一氧化氮、抗氧化酶（谷胱甘肽、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶）活性显著降低（P<0.0001）。我们的结果表明，用负载甜菜红素的氧化锌纳米颗粒处理A549细胞可通过清除自由基预防氧化，并增加与凋亡蛋白BAX、p53相关的基因表达水平，降低Bcl2的表达水平。此外，基质金属蛋白酶-2（MMP-2）水平随纳米颗粒浓度增加而降低。
根据上述研究，受甜菜红素启发的氧化锌纳米颗粒的抗癌和抗氧化能力有效地靶向了肺癌细胞（A549）。
