Artificial intelligence assisted operative anatomy recognition in endoscopic pituitary surgery.

Pituitary tumours are surrounded by critical neurovascular structures and identification of these intra-operatively can be challenging. We have previously developed an AI model capable of sellar anatomy segmentation. This study aims to apply this model, and explore the impact of AI-assistance on clinician anatomy recognition. Participants were tasked with labelling the sella on six images, initially without assistance, then augmented by AI. Mean DICE scores and the proportion of annotations encompassing the centroid of the sella were calculated. Six medical students, six junior trainees, six intermediate trainees and six experts were recruited. There was an overall improvement in sella recognition from a DICE of score 70.7% without AI assistance to 77.5% with AI assistance (+6.7; p < 0.001). Medical students used and benefitted from AI assistance the most, improving from a DICE score of 66.2% to 78.9% (+12.8; p = 0.02). This technology has the potential to augment surgical education and eventually be used as an intra-operative decision support tool.