Syal Ria, Kaur Jasmeet, Siddiqui Maheen, Amatul-Raheem Hajera, Suarez Cristhian, Bojanki Nagavenkata Lova Surya Vamsi Avinash, Kapadia Sagar D, Yennam Anil Kumar, Kunchala Keerthi, Metry Sherien, Ruma Umme
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, CAN.
Department of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, ITA.
Cureus. 2024 Oct 14;16(10):e71469. doi: 10.7759/cureus.71469. eCollection 2024 Oct.
COVID-19 emerged in December 2019 and rapidly became a global pandemic. It has since been associated with the progression of various endocrine disorders, including thyroid disease. The long-term effects of this interplay have yet to be explored. This review explores the relationship between COVID-19 and thyroid diseases, emphasizing thyroid gland function and the clinical implications for managing thyroid disorders in infected individuals.
This narrative review intends to provide insight into the scope of research that future clinical studies may aim to address regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection on thyroid health.
Keywords including "thyroid disease", "COVID-19", and "long-term" were used to search PubMed and Google Scholar for updated and relevant clinical research.
COVID-19 affects the thyroid gland multifacetedly and includes direct viral invasion, immune-mediated damage, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption. Approximately 15% of COVID-19 patients experience thyroid dysfunction, which can present as thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, or non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTI). Noteworthy findings include inflammatory thyroiditis. Long-term effects, including those observed in children, include persistent hypothyroidism and exacerbated pre-existing thyroid-autoimmune conditions. Management of thyroid disorders in COVID-19 patients requires consideration: anti-thyroid drug (ATD) therapy used to treat hyperthyroidism in COVID-19 patients may need adjustment to prevent immunosuppression. Radioactive iodine (ROI) alternatives and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antagonists could offer potential benefits and should be further explored.
Longitudinal follow-ups post-COVID-19 for patients with new and pre-existing thyroid disorders can improve disease outcomes. In addition, pathophysiological research on thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 may help develop strategies to prevent and alleviate thyroid gland abnormalities post-COVID-19.
2019年12月出现了新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19），并迅速成为全球大流行疾病。自那时起，它与包括甲状腺疾病在内的各种内分泌疾病的进展有关。这种相互作用的长期影响尚未得到探索。本综述探讨了COVID-19与甲状腺疾病之间的关系，重点关注甲状腺功能以及对感染个体甲状腺疾病管理的临床意义。
本叙述性综述旨在深入了解未来临床研究可能旨在解决的关于COVID-19感染对甲状腺健康长期影响的研究范围。
使用包括“甲状腺疾病”“COVID-19”和“长期”在内的关键词在PubMed和谷歌学术上搜索最新的相关临床研究。
COVID-19对甲状腺的影响是多方面的，包括病毒直接侵袭、免疫介导的损伤以及下丘脑 - 垂体 - 甲状腺轴紊乱。约15%的COVID-19患者出现甲状腺功能障碍，可表现为甲状腺毒症、甲状腺功能减退或非甲状腺疾病综合征（NTI）。值得注意的发现包括炎症性甲状腺炎。长期影响，包括在儿童中观察到的影响，包括持续性甲状腺功能减退和原有甲状腺自身免疫性疾病的加重。COVID-19患者甲状腺疾病的管理需要考虑：用于治疗COVID-19患者甲状腺功能亢进的抗甲状腺药物（ATD）治疗可能需要调整以防止免疫抑制。放射性碘（ROI）替代方案和白细胞介素 - 6（IL-6）受体拮抗剂可能具有潜在益处，应进一步探索。
对新发和原有甲状腺疾病的COVID-19患者进行纵向随访可以改善疾病结局。此外，对COVID-19中甲状腺功能障碍的病理生理学研究可能有助于制定预防和减轻COVID-19后甲状腺异常的策略。
