Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Science, Chabahar Maritime University, P.O. Box 98617-85553, Chabahar, Iran.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská Dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Top Curr Chem (Cham). 2024 Nov 18;382(4):37. doi: 10.1007/s41061-024-00481-w.
In recent years, porous polymers have gained significant attention for their application as powerful and selective sorbents in micro solid phase extraction (µSPE). In this review we explore the preparation and utilization of various porous polymer sorbents, highlighting their impact on enhancing µSPE techniques. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), graphene oxide-modified frameworks, and zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) are among the innovative materials discussed. These innovative materials have significantly improved µSPE methods, offering enhanced extraction efficiencies, superior selectivity, and reduced solvent consumption, all of which align with the principles of green chemistry. Key findings of this review include the demonstration that MIPs exhibit excellent target specificity, making them ideal for complex matrices, while graphene oxide frameworks and ZIFs provide increased surface area and stability for diverse analytical applications. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly the high cost of certain innovative materials, limited reusability, and the absence of automation in µSPE workflows. Furthermore, controlling the precise synthesis and functionalization of these sorbents continues to be a limiting factor. To address these issues, future research should focus on developing cost-effectiveness methods, the use of biopolymer or sustainable feedstocks, and scalable synthesis methods; integrating automation into µSPE; and exploring new polymeric materials with enhanced properties. Additionally, novel hybrid materials that combine the strengths of multiple sorbents offer a promising direction for future exploration. We critically analyze the advantages and limitations of each sorbent type, providing a comprehensive overview of their applications in µSPE. This paper also examines the synthesis, characterization, and unique properties of these porous polymers, emphasizing their role in advancing analytical chemistry towards more efficient and environmentally friendly practices. The need for continued development of high-performance, low-cost, and sustainable sorbents is underscored to further enhance the effectiveness of µSPE techniques.
近年来，多孔聚合物因其在微固相萃取（µSPE）中作为强大和选择性吸附剂的应用而受到广泛关注。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了各种多孔聚合物吸附剂的制备和利用，强调了它们对增强 µSPE 技术的影响。本文讨论了其中一些创新材料，包括分子印迹聚合物（MIPs）、氧化石墨烯修饰骨架和沸石咪唑骨架（ZIFs）。这些创新材料极大地改进了 µSPE 方法，提高了萃取效率、选择性和减少了溶剂消耗，所有这些都符合绿色化学的原则。本文的主要发现包括证明 MIPs 具有出色的目标特异性，使其成为复杂基质的理想选择，而氧化石墨烯骨架和 ZIFs 为各种分析应用提供了更大的表面积和稳定性。尽管取得了这些进展，但仍存在挑战，特别是某些创新材料成本高、可重复使用性有限以及 µSPE 工作流程缺乏自动化。此外，这些吸附剂的精确合成和功能化仍然是一个限制因素。为了解决这些问题，未来的研究应集中在开发具有成本效益的方法、使用生物聚合物或可持续原料以及可扩展的合成方法；将自动化集成到 µSPE 中；探索具有增强性能的新型聚合物材料。此外，结合多种吸附剂优势的新型混合材料为未来的探索提供了一个有前途的方向。我们批判性地分析了每种吸附剂类型的优缺点，全面概述了它们在 µSPE 中的应用。本文还考察了这些多孔聚合物的合成、表征和独特性质，强调了它们在推动分析化学朝着更高效和环保实践方向发展中的作用。强调需要不断开发高性能、低成本和可持续的吸附剂，以进一步提高 µSPE 技术的效果。
