From Ancient Remedies to Robotic Precision: An Otolaryngology Journey.

This review traces the historical development of otolaryngology, a medical specialty focused on diagnosing and treating ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders. The paper highlights key milestones and innovations shaping the field from ancient times to the modern era. The study involves a comprehensive review of historical texts and medical literature, examining advancements in otolaryngology. The analysis covers the early use of herbal remedies and rudimentary instruments, developments in surgical techniques and medical knowledge during the Renaissance, and innovations in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the 19th century. Additionally, it explores the impact of endoscopy, microsurgery, and the advent of robotic surgery on the field. The review identifies several important stages in the evolution of otolaryngology. Early practices in ancient Egypt, Greece, China, and India focused on herbal remedies and basic surgical techniques. During the medieval period, Arabic scholars preserved and enhanced medical knowledge. The Renaissance era saw significant progress through advances in anatomical studies and surgical techniques. The 19th century marked the formalization of otolaryngology with the introduction of anaesthesia, antisepsis, and specialized instruments. The mid-20th century brought a revolutionary impact with endoscopy and microsurgery, enabling minimally invasive procedures. The early 21st century saw the advent of robotic surgery, enhancing surgical precision and outcomes. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, augmented reality, virtual reality, nanotechnology, and bioprinting hold potential to further advance the field, enhancing patient care and treatment efficacy. Otolaryngology has evolved significantly, with ongoing technological advancements promising further improvements in patient care and treatment outcomes.