Duke Joseph W, Hubbard Colin D, Vrdoljak Dario, Coombs Geoff B, Lovering Andrew T, Drvis Ivan, Dujić Željko, Foretic Nikola
Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States.
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2025 Jan 1;138(1):66-72. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00671.2024. Epub 2024 Nov 19.
Maximal static dry, that is, on land, apneas (breath-holds) result in severe hypoxemia and hypercapnia and have easy-going and struggle phases. During the struggle phase, the respiratory muscles involuntarily contract against the closed glottis in increasing frequency and magnitude, that is, involuntary breathing movements (IBMs). IBMs during maximal static apnea have been suggested to fatigue respiratory muscles, but this has yet to be measured. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantify respiratory muscle strength pre- and post-apneas in an elite, world champion, world record-holding apneist. To do so, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure maneuvers (MIP and MEP, respectively) were performed pre- and post-apnea protocol, which included three preparatory apneas with 2.5-min rest. All preparatory apneas were ended after the participant reported 7-10 IBMs. Next, he performed three maximal static dry apneas with 5-min rest in between. The participant had maximal apneas lasting 363, 408, and 460 s. Including preparatory apneas, the participant's total apnea duration was 33.4 min in 57.0 min. Following the apnea protocol, that is, pre versus post, there was no change in MIP (-124.2 vs. -123.6 cmHO) or MEP (259.4 vs. 262.5 cmHO). These data, albeit in a single individual, suggest that respiratory muscle strength is not impacted by maximal static breath-holds. This could be the result of training and/or be a feature of this individual that allows him to excel in this sport. Previous work has suggested that respiratory muscle fatigue may result from maximal breath-holds but this has not been measured. We measured respiratory muscle strength pre- and post-maximal apneas in a world champion breath-hold diver. We found no change in respiratory muscle strength following a series of apneas. This may be an adaptation of the diver's training or a feature of their physiology that allows them to be successful in this physiologically challenging sport.
最大静态干式（即陆上）屏气会导致严重的低氧血症和高碳酸血症，且存在轻松期和挣扎期。在挣扎期，呼吸肌会不由自主地对抗紧闭的声门进行收缩，频率和幅度不断增加，即非自主呼吸运动（IBM）。有研究表明，最大静态屏气时的IBM会使呼吸肌疲劳，但这一点尚未得到测量。因此，本研究的目的是对一位精英、世界冠军、世界纪录保持者屏气者屏气前后的呼吸肌力量进行量化。为此，在屏气方案前后分别进行了最大吸气和呼气压力动作（分别为MIP和MEP），该方案包括三次准备性屏气，每次屏气后休息2.5分钟。所有准备性屏气在参与者报告出现7 - 10次IBM后结束。接下来，他进行了三次最大静态干式屏气，每次屏气后休息5分钟。该参与者的最大屏气时间分别为363秒、408秒和460秒。包括准备性屏气在内，该参与者在57.0分钟内的总屏气时间为33.4分钟。在屏气方案之后，即屏气前与屏气后相比，MIP（-124.2 vs. -123.6 cmH₂O）或MEP（259.4 vs. 262.5 cmH₂O）没有变化。这些数据，尽管只是针对一个个体，但表明最大静态屏气不会影响呼吸肌力量。这可能是训练的结果，和/或该个体的一个特征，使他在这项运动中表现出色。先前的研究表明，最大屏气可能导致呼吸肌疲劳，但这一点尚未得到测量。我们测量了一位世界冠军屏气潜水员在最大屏气前后的呼吸肌力量。我们发现，在一系列屏气之后，呼吸肌力量没有变化。这可能是潜水员训练的一种适应，或者是他们生理特征的一个表现，使他们能够在这项生理挑战较大的运动中取得成功。
