Emergence of social phases in human movement.

Recent empirical studies have found different thermodynamic phases for collective motion in animals. However, such a thermodynamic description of human movement remains unclear. Existing studies of traffic and pedestrian flows have primarily focused on relatively high-speed mobility data, revealing only a fluidlike phase. This focus is partly because the parameter space of low-speed movement, which is governed predominantly by pairwise social interaction, remains largely uncharted. Here, we used ultrawideband radio frequency identification (UWB-RFID) technology to collect high-resolution spatiotemporal data on movements in four different classroom and playground settings. We observed two unique social phases in children's movements: a gaslike phase of free movement and a liquid-vapor coexistence phase characterized by the formation of small social groups. We also developed a simple statistical physics model that can reproduce different empirically observed phases. The proposed UWB-RFID technology can also be used to study the dynamics of active matter systems, including animal behavior, coordinating robotic swarms, and monitoring human interactions within complex systems, potentially benefiting future research in social physics.