Prevalence and distribution of dissolved paralytic shellfish toxins in seawater in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China.

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) could be secreted by PSTs-producing microalgae or released by ruptured cells in seawater. In this study, the distribution of dissolved PSTs in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, China, was investigated by two cruises in April and July 2023. Seawater samples were collected from the surface, middle and bottom layers, and the profiles of PSTs were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the spatial distribution characteristics of dissolved PSTs and their correlation with environmental factors were explored. Results showed that C1/2, GTX1/4, GTX2/3 and dcGTX2/3, were detected in seawater samples in both spring and summer, with the detection rates 100 % and 97.6 %, respectively. The total PST (ΣPSTs) concentrations ranged in 12 ∼ 590 pmol L, 9.3 ∼ 546 pmol L, 12 ∼ 2,452 pmol L, and not detected (nd) ∼ 188 pmol L in seawater samples collected from the surface, middle and bottom layers in spring, and the surface layer in summer, respectively. Concentrations of PSTs markedly varied in the vertical water column in different sea regions. Generally, concentrations of ΣPSTs in the bottom seawater were higher than those in the surface and middle layers in the Bohai Sea and the North Yellow Sea, but no significant difference in the different water layers in the South Yellow Sea. In addition, concentrations of ΣPSTs in surface waters were much lower in summer than those in spring. In both spring and summer, dissolved PSTs in surface seawater were mainly distributed in the South Yellow Sea. These results indicate that PSTs were prevalent in the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea, of which the potential hazard to marine organisms should be highly concerned.