Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, P.R. China.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024 Nov 25;40(12):392. doi: 10.1007/s11274-024-04199-1.
Nitrogen sources are pivotal for the formation of fungal mycelia and the biosynthesis of metabolites, playing a crucial role in the growth and development of fungi. Amino acids are integral to protein construction, constitute an essential nitrogen source for fungi. Fungi actively uptake amino acids from their surroundings, a process that necessitates the involvement of amino acid permeases (AAPs) located on the plasma membrane. By sensing the intracellular demand for amino acids and their extracellular availability, fungi activate or suppress relevant pathways to precisely regulate the genes encoding these transporters. This review aims to illustrate the function of fungal AAPs on uptake of amino acids and the effect of AAPs on fungal growth, development and virulence. Additionally, the complex mechanisms to regulate expression of aaps are elucidated in mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including the Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 (SPS) pathway, the Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR) pathway, and the General Amino Acid Control (GAAC) pathway. However, the physiological roles of AAPs and their regulatory mechanisms in other species, particularly pathogenic fungi, merit further exploration. Gaining insights into these aspects could reveal how AAPs facilitate fungal adaptation and survival under diverse stress conditions, shedding light on their potential impact on fungal biology and pathogenicity.
氮源是真菌菌丝体形成和代谢产物生物合成的关键，在真菌的生长和发育中起着至关重要的作用。氨基酸是蛋白质构建的组成部分，是真菌必不可少的氮源。真菌从周围环境中主动摄取氨基酸，这一过程需要位于质膜上的氨基酸渗透酶 (AAPs) 的参与。通过感知细胞内对氨基酸的需求和其细胞外的可用性，真菌激活或抑制相关途径，以精确调节编码这些转运蛋白的基因。本综述旨在说明真菌 AAPs 在氨基酸摄取中的功能以及 AAPs 对真菌生长、发育和毒力的影响。此外，还阐明了主要在酿酒酵母中调节 aaps 表达的复杂机制，包括 Ssy1-Ptr3-Ssy5 (SPS) 途径、氮分解代谢阻遏 (NCR) 途径和一般氨基酸控制 (GAAC) 途径。然而，AAPs 的生理作用及其在其他物种（特别是致病性真菌）中的调节机制值得进一步探索。深入了解这些方面可以揭示 AAPs 如何促进真菌在各种胁迫条件下的适应和生存，阐明它们对真菌生物学和致病性的潜在影响。
