Bloothooft G, Plomp R
J Acoust Soc Am. 1986 Mar;79(3):852-64. doi: 10.1121/1.393423.
The 1/3-oct spectra of nine different vowels, sung by 14 professional male and female singers in nine different modes of singing, were analyzed to reveal spectral characteristics of individual singers and modes of singing. The main spectral differences between singers could be described in two dimensions characterizing, respectively, differences among male and among female singers. Spectral characteristics of these dimensions suggested that interindividual differences among males, like the average difference between males and females, arise mainly from differences in vocal tract dimensions, whereas interindividual differences among females may have a glottal basis. The spectral characteristics of the modes of singing could be represented for each vowel in two dimensions. Differences among the soft (pianissimo), light, neutral, free, straight, extra vibrato, and loud (fortissimo) modes were mainly due to the spectral effect of vocal effort, which constituted a very dominant first spectral dimension. This dimension essentially reflected the slope of the spectrum. The second dimension mainly described the spectral differences between the dark and pressed modes of singing. A possible explanation of the results in terms of glottal and supraglottal morphological variation is discussed.
分析了14位专业男女歌手在9种不同演唱模式下演唱的9种不同元音的1/3倍频程频谱，以揭示个体歌手和演唱模式的频谱特征。歌手之间的主要频谱差异可以用两个维度来描述，分别表征男性歌手之间以及女性歌手之间的差异。这些维度的频谱特征表明，男性之间的个体差异，如同男性与女性之间的平均差异一样，主要源于声道尺寸的差异，而女性之间的个体差异可能基于声门。每种元音的演唱模式的频谱特征可以用两个维度来表示。轻柔（最弱音）、轻快、中性、自由、平直、额外颤音和响亮（最强音）模式之间的差异主要归因于发声力度的频谱效应，这构成了一个非常占主导地位的第一频谱维度。这个维度本质上反映了频谱的斜率。第二个维度主要描述了深沉和挤压演唱模式之间的频谱差异。讨论了根据声门和声门上形态变化对结果的一种可能解释。
